Abstract
Complex microorganisms in Daqu of different temperatures play a vital role in the taste, flavor and quality of Baijiu during fermentation. However, understanding the functional diversity of the whole microbial community between the Daqus of two different temperatures (high temperature Daqu, HD and medium–high temperature Daqu, MD) remains a major challenge. Here, a systematic study of the microbial diversity, functions as well as physiological and biochemical indexes of Daqu are described. The results revealed that the Daqu exhibited unique characteristics. In particular, the diversity of microorganisms in HD and MD was high, with 44 species including 14 novel species (Sphingomonas sp. is the main novel species) detected in all samples. Their profiles of carbohydrate-active enzymes and specific functional components supported the fact that these species were involved in flavor formation. The Daqu microbiome consisted of a high proportion of phage, providing evidence of phage infection/genome integration and horizontal gene transfer from phage to bacteria. Such processes would also regulate Daqu microbiomes and thus flavor quality. These results enrich current knowledge of Daqu and can be used to promote the development of Baijiu fermentation technology.
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Data availability
The sequence dataset has been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (Accession number: PRJNA1010526, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=PRJNA1010526).
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Funding
This work was financially supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund for Innovation and Development Project (2023AFD049) and Hubei University of Arts and Science Cultivation Fund for Teachers’ Scientific Research Ability: Technological Innovation Team (2020kypytd009).
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YW: Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing, Visualization. JG: Conceptualization, Resources. QH: Formal analysis, Software, Data curation. HZ: Project administration. CS: Supervision. ZG: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition.
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Wang, Y., Gai, J., Hou, Q. et al. Ultra-high-depth macrogenomic sequencing revealed differences in microbial composition and function between high temperature and medium–high temperature Daqu. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 337 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03772-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03772-4