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Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis

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Abstract

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.

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Funding

Arif Bashir would like to acknowledge the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India for providing grant-in-aid under the National Postdoctoral fellowship scheme under the file number PDF/2017/001894. Liang Chen was supported by the Special Project for Social Development of Yunnan Province (grant number 202103AC100001), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (grant number 2020JQ-615) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31901186).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Fahim Bashir

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Arif Bashir

  3. Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Noureddine Bouaïcha

  4. Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China

    Liang Chen

  5. Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China

    Liang Chen & Wen-Li Xu

  6. State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China

    Liang Chen

  7. Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK

    Geoffrey A. Codd

  8. School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK

    Geoffrey A. Codd

  9. School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

    Brett Neilan

  10. School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt

    Laila Ziko

  11. Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt

    Laila Ziko

  12. Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia

    Vishnu D. Rajput & Tatiana Minkina

  13. Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Renan Silva Arruda

  14. Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Bashir Ahmad Ganai

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  1. Fahim Bashir
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  12. Bashir Ahmad Ganai
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Contributions

FB: designing, drafting, writing, and drawing figures; AB: editing of molecular-biology portion; NB: editing and logical inputs; LC: designing, editing and logical inputs; GAC, editing; BN, W-LX, LZ, VDR; TM, RSA: manuscript and logical inputs; BAG: concept designing, manuscript editing, and logical inputs. All authors have read and agreed with the published version of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Noureddine Bouaïcha, Liang Chen or Bashir Ahmad Ganai.

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Bashir, F., Bashir, A., Bouaïcha, N. et al. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 241 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x

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