Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile biopolymer due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, antimicrobial, non-toxic, mucoadhesive, and highly adsorptive properties. Chitosan and its derivatives have been used for many biomedical applications. Currently, crustacean shells and other marine organisms are the significant sources of chitin/chitosan production worldwide. However, extraction from marine sources presents several challenges, including an unstable supply of raw materials. Large-scale chitosan extraction from crustacean sources harms the environment by involving harsh processing steps such as alkali deproteinization. Recently many studies have been carried out focusing on alternative sources or eco-friendlier routes for production of chitosan. This paper briefly overviews recent studies on fungi and insect cuticles as alternative chitosan sources. Milder extraction processes for fungal chitosan and the superior quality of the resultant polymer make it highly desirable for biological applications. Biological techniques involving fermentation and enzymatic processing of the raw materials are looked at in detail. In the concluding remarks, the paper highlights the potential of using a combination of “green” technologies and briefly looks at potential biological/biomedical applications of extracted chitinous materials.
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Abbreviations
- COS:
-
chitooligosaccharides
- DA:
-
degree of acetylation
- DD:
-
degree of deacetylation
- DM:
-
demineralization, percentage of demineralization
- DP:
-
deproteination/deproteinization, percentage of deproteination
- LPMO:
-
lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
- paCOS:
-
partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection and analysis were performed by all the authors. The sections ‘Introduction’, ‘Biological methods of Extraction’, and ‘Concluding Remarks’ were drafted by NI; section; ‘Alternative sources of Chitosan’ by MH and SFT. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Islam, N., Hoque, M. & Taharat, S.F. Recent advances in extraction of chitin and chitosan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 28 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03468-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03468-1