Abstract
In this work, a bacterial strain with suitable capability to metabolize carbazole (CAR) as a main nitrogen containing compound of petroleum was isolated and characterized. 16S rDNA gene analysis and morphological characteristics of the strain showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Achromobacter and was tentatively named as Achromobacter sp. strain CAR1389. The growth monitoring and biodegradation rate measurements of carbazole in minimal medium supplemented by 6 mM CAR revealed that the strain CAR1389 is able to remove more than 90 % of this compound at 25, 30, and 37 °C during 7 days. The effect of higher concentrations of the carbazole on growth rate and metabolizing activity of the strain exhibited the Achromobacter sp. strain CAR1389 can tolerate increasing levels of CAR concentration up to 21 mM in culture media and degrade 43 % of this toxic material. According to these results and high tolerance of this bacterium in regards to higher concentrations of CAR, we suggest the strain CAR1389 as a suitable isolate to do biorefining of crude oil and also bioremediation processes in highly contaminated area of carbazole.
References
Cao B, Nagarajan K, Loh KC (2009) Biodegradation of aromatic compounds: current status and opportunities for biomolecular approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(2):207–228. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2192-4
Gibson F, Pittard J (1968) Pathways of biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and vitamins and their control in microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev 32(4 Pt 2):465–492
Guo W, Li D, Tao Y, Gao P, Hu J (2008) Isolation and description of a stable carbazole-degrading microbial consortium consisting of Chryseobacterium sp. NCY and Achromobacter sp. NCW. Curr Microbiol 57(3):251–257. doi:10.1007/s00284-008-9185-x
Inoue K, Habe H, Yamane H, Omori T, Nojiri H (2005) Diversity of carbazole-degrading bacteria having the car gene cluster: isolation of a novel gram-positive carbazole-degrading bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 245(1):145–153. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.009
Inoue K, Habe H, Yamane H, Nojiri H (2006) Characterization of novel carbazole catabolism genes from gram-positive carbazole degrader Nocardioides aromaticivorans IC177. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(5):3321–3329. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.5.3321-3329.2006
Kilbane JJ II, Daram A, Abbasian J, Kayser KJ (2002) Isolation and characterization of Sphingomonas sp. GTIN11 capable of carbazole metabolism in petroleum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 297(2):242–248
Kirimura K, Nakagawa H, Tsuji K, Matsuda K, Kurane R, Usami S (1999) Selective and continuous degradation of carbazole contained in petroleum oil by resting cells of Sphingomonas sp. CDH-7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63(9):1563–1568
Kuehl DW, Durhan E, Butterworth BC, Linn D (1984) Tetrachloro-9H-carbazole, a previously unrecognized contaminant in sediments of the Buffalo River. J Great Lakes Res 10:210–214
Larentis AL, Sampaio HCC, Carneiro CC, Martins OB, Alves TLM (2011) Evaluation of growth, carbazole biodegradation and anthranilic acid production by Pseudomonas stutzeri. Braz J Chem Eng 28:37–44
Li YG, Li WL, Huang JX, Xiong XC, Gao HS, Xing JM, Liu HZ (2008) Biodegradation of carbazole in oil/water biphasic system by a newly isolated bacterium Klebsiella sp. LSSE-H2. Biochem Eng J. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2008.04.009
Ouchiyama N, Zhang Y, Omori T, Kodama T (1993) Biodegradation of carbazole by Pseudomonas spp. CA06 and CA10. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:455–460
Padoley KV, Mudliar SN, Pandey RA (2008) Heterocyclic nitrogenous pollutants in the environment and their treatment options—an overview. Bioresour Technol 99(10):4029–4043. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.047
Philp J, Bamforth S, Singleton I, Atlas R (2005) Environmental pollution and restoration: a role for bioremediation. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Santos SC, Alviano DS, Alviano CS, Padula M, Leitao AC, Martins OB, Ribeiro CM, Sassaki MY, Matta CP, Bevilaqua J, Sebastian GV, Seldin L (2006) Characterization of Gordonia sp. strain F.5.25.8 capable of dibenzothiophene desulfurization and carbazole utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71(3):355–362. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0154-z
Sato SI, Ouchiyama N, Kimura T, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Omori T (1997) Cloning of genes involved in carbazole degradation of Pseudomonas sp. strain CA10: nucleotide sequences of genes and characterization of meta-cleavage enzymes and hydrolase. J Bacteriol 179(15):4841–4849
Singh GB, Gupta S, Srivastava S, Gupta N (2011) Biodegradation of carbazole by newly isolated Acinetobacter spp. Bul Environ Contam Toxicol 87(5):522–526. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0382-0
Smibert RM, Krieg NR (1994) Phenotypic characterization. In methods for general and molecular bacteriology. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington
Tamura K, Dudley J, Neim M (2007) MEGA 4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599
Zhao C, Zhang Y, Li X, Wen D, Tang X (2011) Biodegradation of carbazole by the seven Pseudomonas sp. strains and their denitrification potential. J Hazard Mater 190(1–3):253–259. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.036
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to Dr. Younes Ghasemi for GC-Mass analysis. This study was supported by Shiraz University.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Farajzadeh, Z., Karbalaei-Heidari, H.R. Isolation and characterization of a new Achromobacter sp. strain CAR1389 as a carbazole-degrading bacterium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, 3075–3080 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1105-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1105-3