Abstract
This work examined the effects of three enzyme preparations (A,B,C) directed towards degradation of Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) and one targeting phytates (D) on performance traits in broilers fed maize meal basal diets containing 400 g/kg of yellow lupine seeds (LM). A soybean meal (SBM) based diet served as a reference control. Growth rate, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of organic matter, protein and energy, as well as morphometric measurements of selected sections of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were determined. In comparison to chickens fed the SBM diet, chickens fed the LM diet consumed less feed, had considerably lower body weight gain, as well as lower CTTAD of measured nutrients and energy. Also the GIT relative weight and length were increased within the group fed the LM diet. Addition of each NSP degrading enzymes (A,B,C) to the LM diet increased feed intake and decreased size of GIT organs (all p < 0.05). Addition of enzymes A or B increased (p < 0.05) growth rate of chicks, whereas only enzyme B increased fed efficiency (p < 0.05) and tended to slightly improve CTTAD of nutrients. The addition of enzyme D did not have any effect on feed intake, growth rate or CTTAD. This study indicates that a diet containing high levels of LM is detrimental to feed intake and condition of the digestive tract of young broilers, and thus affects their performance. However, when the LM diet is supplemented with suitable enzyme preparations, performance parameters are not different from those obtained with SBM.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11274-010-0464-x/MediaObjects/11274_2010_464_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11274-010-0464-x/MediaObjects/11274_2010_464_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11274-010-0464-x/MediaObjects/11274_2010_464_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11274-010-0464-x/MediaObjects/11274_2010_464_Fig4_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alloui O, Smulikowska S, Chibowska M, Pastuszewska B (1994) The nutritive value of lupin seeds (L. luteus L. angustifolius and L. albus) for broiler chickens as affected by variety and enzyme supplementation. J Anim Feed Sci 3:215–227
Animals Protection Act (1997) Polish animal protection act of August 21, 1997. Dz.U. Nr 111 (in Polish)
Annison G, Hughes RJ, Choct M (1996) Effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of dehulled lupines. Br Poult Sci 37:157–172
AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists association of official analytical chemists, 15th edn. Arlington, VA
Bach Knudsen KE (1997) Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Anim Feed Sci Tech 67:319–338
Birk Y (1994) Antinutritive factors (ANFs) in lupines and in other legume seeds. In: Neves Martins JM, Beirao da Costa ML (ed) Advances in lupin research. Proceedings of the 7th international lupin conference, Evora, Portugal. ISA Press. pp 424–429
Brenes A, Marquardt RR, Guenter W, Rotter R (1993) Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of raw, autoclaved, and dehulled lupines (Lupinus albus) in chicken diets. Poult Sci 72:2281–2293
Brenes A, Marquardt RR, Guenter W, Viveros A (2002) Effect of enzyme addition on the performance and gastrointestinal size of chicks fed whole, dehulled lupines and lupin hulls diets. Poult Sci 81:670–678
Brenes A, Slominski BA, Marquardt RR, Guenter W, Viveros A (2003) Effect of enzyme addition on the digestibilities of cell wall polysacharides and oligosacharides from whole, dehulled, and ethanol-extracted white lupines in chickens. Poult Sci 82:1716–1725
Brenes A, Marquardt RR, Muzquiz M, Guenter W, Viveros A, Arija I (2005) Effect of enzyme addition on the nutritive value of six lupin cultivars with different alkaloid content. Span J Agric Res 3:203–208
Bryden WL, Li X (2004) Utilisation of digestible amino acids by broilers. A report for the rural industries research and development corporation. University of Sydney. RIRDC Publication No 04/030. Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604
Butler LG, Price ML, Brotheorton JE (1982) Vanillin assay for proathocyjanidins (condensed tannins): modification of the solvent for estimation of degree of polymerization. J Agric Food Chem 30:1087–1089
Choct M (2006) Enzymes for the feed industry: past, present and future. World Poult Sci J 62:5–15
Englyst HN (1989) Classification and measurement of plant polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 23:27–42
Falcon AB, Beeckmans S, Van Driessche E (2000) Investigation on the haemaglutinating activity occurred in three species of Lupines. Cultivos Tropicales 21:41–46
Froidmont E, Beckers Y, Dehareng F, Théwis A, Bartiaux-Thill N (2004) Lupin seed as a substitute to soybean meal in broiler chicken feeding: incorporation level and enzyme preparation effects on performances, digestibility and meat composition. 55th annual meeting of the EAAP, Bled, Slovenia, 138
Hintze J (1995) NCSS Statistical software, Kayville, Utah
Hughes RJ, Van Barneveld RJ, Choct M (1999) Factors influencing the nutritive value of lupins for broiler chickens. Chicken meat research and development committee final report, Project no. DAS10CM. Rurual industries research and development corporation, Canberra, Australia Publication No. 98/125
Kluge H, Hirche F, Eder K (2002) Concentrations of NSP and oligosaccharides in lupine species L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus. Tagung Schweine und Geflugelernaehrung, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, 145–147
Kocher A, Choct M, Hughes RJ, Broz J (2000) Effect of food enzymes on utilization of lupin carbohydrates by broilers. Br Poult Sci 41:75–82
Llames CR, Fontaine J (1994) Determination of amino acids in feeds: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 77:1362–1402
Maenz DD, Irish GG, Classen HL (1999) Carbohydratebinding and agglutinating lectins in raw and processed soybean meals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 76:335–343
Manczak T, Dolata A, Wiatr K (2007) The contents of quinolizidine alkaloids and gramine in seeds of lupin cultivars registered in Poland (in Polish). Zeszyty Problemowe Postępow Nauk Rolniczych 522:463–471
Meng X, Slominski BA (2005) Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. Poult Sci 84:1242–1251
Mieczkowska A, Smulikowska S, Nguyen CV (2004) Effect of enzyme supplementation of white lupin (Lupinus albus var. Butan)—containing diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, viscosity, ph, and passage rate of digesta in broiler chickens. J Anim Feed Sci 13:475–486
Mieczkowska A, Jansmanm AJM, Kwakkel RP, Smulikowska S (2005) Effect of dehulling and alpha-galactosidase supplement on the ileal digestibility of yellow lupin based diets in broiler chickens and adult roosters. J Anim Feed Sci 14:297–304
Muzquiz M, Burbano C, Gorospe MJ, Rodenas I (1989) A chemical study of Lupinus hispanicus seed—toxic and antinutritional components. J Sci Food Agric 47:205–213
Naveed A, Acamovic T, Bedford MR (1998) Effect of enzyme supplementation of UK—grown Lupinus albus on growth performance in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 39:S36–S37
Naveed A, Acamovic T, Bedford MR (1999) The influence of carbohydrase and protease supplementation on amino acid digestibility of lupin-based diets for broiler chicks. Proc Aust Poult Sci Symp 11:93–96
Newkirk RW, Classen HL (1998) In vitro hydrolysis of phytate in canola meal with purifed and crude sources of phytase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 72:315–327
Olkowski BI, Classen HL, Wojnarowicz C, Olkowski AA (2005) Feeding high levels of lupine seeds to broiler chickens: plasma micronutrient status in the context of digesta viscosity and morphometric and ultrastructural changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Poult Sci 84:1707–1715
Olver MD, Jonker A (1997) Effect of sweet, bitter and soaked micronised bitter lupins on broiler performance. Br Poult Sci 38:203–208
Petterson DS (2000) The use of lupins in feeding systems. Review. Asian Aust J Anim Sci 13:861–882
Rahman MH (2000) The nutritional toxicity of sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed proteins. J Sci Food Agric 80:72–78
Ravindran VS, Cabahug G, Ravindran G, Selle PH, Bryden WL (2000) Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. II. Effects on apparent metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention. Br Poult Sci 41:193–200
Roth-Maier DA, Kirchgessner M (1995) Feeding of high proportions of freshly harvested or stored white lupins (Lupinus albus L.) and enzyme supplement to fattening chickens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 59:108–111
Rubio LA, Brenes A, Centeno C (2003) Effects of feeding growing broiler chickens with practical diets containing sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal. Br Poult Sci 44:391–397
Sandberg AS (2002) Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Br J Nutr 88(Suppl 3):S281–S285
Selle PH, Ravindran V, Pittolo PH, Bryden WL (1999) An evaluation of microbial phytase in sorghum-based broiler diets. Proc Aust Poult Sci Symp 11:97–100
Shan AS, Davis RH (1994) Effect of dietary phytate on growth and selenium status of chicks fed selenite or selenomethionine. Br Poult Sci 35:725–741
Skolik J, Wiewiorowski M (1959) Photometric micromethod of estimation of lupin alkaloids (in Polish). Rocz Chem 33:461–469
Steenfeldt S, Gonzalez E, Knudsen KEB (2003) Effects of inclusion with blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) in broiler diets and enzyme supplementation on production performance, digestibility and dietary AME content. Anim Feed Sci Technol 110:185–200
Terpstra K, De Hart N (1974) The estimation of urinary nitrogen and faecal nitrogen in poultry excreta. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 32:306–320
Van Barneveld RJ (1999) Understanding the nutritional chemistry of lupin (Lupinus spp.) seed to improve livestock production efficiency. Nutr Res Rev 12:203–230
Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JT (2004) Antinutritional properties of plant lectins. Toxicon 44:385–403.4
WPSA (1989) European table of energy values for poultry feedstuff. (3rd edn). Subcommittee energy of the working group no 2. Nutrition of the European federation of branches of the world’s poultry science association, Spelderholt Centre for Poultry Research, Beekbergen. pp 11–28
Conflict of interest statement
I declare that I have no conflict of interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Olkowski, B. Lupin as primary protein source in young broiler chicken diets: Effect of enzymes preparations catalyzing degradation of non-starch polysaccharides or phytates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27, 341–347 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-010-0464-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-010-0464-x