Abstract
The concentrated heavy metal in plant biomass, following successful phytoremediation of contaminated soil, needs to be disposed of sustainably. In this study, Bidens pilosa biomass harvested after phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil was incinerated to ash and was further stabilized through a biocalcification process using a novel ureolytic strain Advenella sp. AV1. The changes in pH, ammonium ion (NH4+) concentration, and residual calcium ions (Ca2+) were measured for 3 days in biocalcification experiments. The increase in pH (from 7.8 to 9.6), NH4+ ions, and concomitant reduction in soluble Ca2+ in microbial “treatment” set containing B. pilosa biomass ash suggest the production of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which was further confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion X-ray analysis. Sequential extraction of bio-calcified ash revealed a decrease in easily available cadmium (Cd) fractions, while an increase in more stable oxide and organic matter bound fractions in comparison to that from non-calcified biomass ash. The results suggest a reduced risk of heavy metals leaching following the biocalcification of phytoremediated biomass ash.
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Acknowledgements
This study is financially supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of India (Grant no. EEQ/2017/ 000641). Mr. Vijendra received the fellowship from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India under the project Grant no. EEQ/2017/ 000641.
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This study is financially supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of India (Grant no. EEQ/2017/ 000641).
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V. Shah: Conducted Experiments, Formal Analysis, Writing: First draft, review and editing. B. Mahanty: Conceptualization; Writing: review and editing. A. Daverey: Conceptualization; Supervision; Writing: First draft, Review and Editing, Funding acquisition, Project administration, and Resources. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Shah, V., Mahanty, B. & Daverey, A. Biocalcification-Based Stabilization of Cadmium-Enriched Phytoremediation Biomass Using Advenella sp. AV1. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 185 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06994-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06994-w