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Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Wastewater and Natural Water Sources from the Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract

The present study assessed the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in livestock farm wastewater (LFWW), hospital wastewater (HWW), and natural water sources (NWS) from five districts (Prayagraj, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Sonbhadra, and Jaunpur) of eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh, India (n = 134). Phenotypic ESBL production among cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates (91.29%, 283/310) was significantly different (p < 0.05) in the samples from Jaunpur and Sonbhadra, but not from Prayagraj, Mirzapur and Varanasi (p > 0.05). The MIC of cefotaxime and ceftazidime against these isolates were in the ranges of 64–512 µg/mL and 16–512 µg/mL, respectively. Genotypically, 38.51% (109/283) of the isolates harbored at least one or more plasmid-mediated ESBL-genes, of which, blaCTX-M-gr-1 was the predominant (90.82%, 99/109), followed by blaTEM (73.39%, 80/109). A non-significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the occurrence of ESBL genes among the phenotypically positive isolates of different sampling places. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) traits were observed in 105 (96.33%) of 109 tested isolates with a MAR index ranging from 0.31 to 1.0. Absolute resistance (100%) was evident against azithromycin for all isolates recovered from Varanasi, Prayagraj, and Sonbhadra irrespective of their sources. The majority of the isolates belonged to commensal phylogroup A (40.37%, 44/109) and B1 (27.44%, 31/109), while only two isolates recovered from HWW sources of Varanasi belonged to the extra-intestinal pathogenic phylogroup B2. These findings suggested that the wastewater and natural water sources of eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh, India, harbored a high magnitude of MDR-ESBL E. coli with the potential to be transmitted to humans and animals.

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Data Availability

All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its supplementary files. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Balaji Veeraraghavan, Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing the positive control strains encoding blaCTX-M gr-1, blaCTX-M gr-2, blaCTX-M gr-8, blaCTX-M gr-9, blaCTX-M gr-25, blaTEM, blaOXA-1 like, and blaSHV genes. The authors would like to thank the Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, and the Vice-Chancellor, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for providing support to conduct the research work.

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  1. Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kaushik Satyaprakash & Satya Veer Singh Malik

  2. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kaushik Satyaprakash & Pavan Kumar Pesingi

  3. Department of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, WBUAFS, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India

    Annada Das

  4. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    M. R. Vineeth

  5. ICAR- National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, 500092, Hyderabad, India

    Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe & Deepak Bhiwa Rawool

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  1. Kaushik Satyaprakash
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Contributions

Conceptualization and design: DBR, SVSM, and SBB; sample collection: KS and AD; experimental work: KS; original draft preparation: KS and DBR; review and editing: DBR, SVSM, and SBB; supervision: DBR and PPK; statistical analysis: VMR and AD. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Deepak Bhiwa Rawool.

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Satyaprakash, K., Pesingi, P.K., Das, A. et al. Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Wastewater and Natural Water Sources from the Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 125 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06914-y

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