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Assessment of Toxicity Characteristics in Leachate from the Textile Industry–Based Sludge Using Leachate Pollution Index

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Abstract

The toxicity, Leachate Pollution Index (LPI), and risk assessment of the leachate of hazardous sludge are very rarely and scantly studied. This study evaluates the leachate characteristics of the textile industry–central effluent treatment plant sludge. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis determines the sludge’s chemical composition. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is a sample extraction method performed to simulate the leaching through landfills. The leachate samples are tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) techniques for the metal ions. The 30 TCLP tests are performed as per the scheme generated by the Central Composite Design of Experiment (CCDoE). The study provides a novel and flexible framework for developing the Textile-Leachate Pollution Index (T-LPI) using a hybrid fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP). The metal ions’ weights in the leachate (Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, K, Mg, Ca) are obtained using FAHP infused with inter-valued triangular fuzzy numbers. The membership grade functions are derived for each metal ion, and the Leachate Pollution Index is estimated for 30 experiments. The experimental runs are ranked based on their LPI values. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicates a poor association between the metal ions and their presence from different sources. The Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) of metal ions (Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni) present in leachate shows the potential non-carcinogenic impact by Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn. In contrast, Fe and Al have shown no adverse non-carcinogenic effect. The carcinogenic risk by Pb and Cr metal ions in leachate lies in the high- and very high-risk levels. The ranking of hazardous sludge sites can help in the immediate disposal of higher LPI value sludge to treatment storage disposal facilities (TSDF) as compared to the sludge with lower LPI. The study provides insight into the human health risk associated with the consumption (oral intake and skin absorption) of leachate-polluted surface water.

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Data Availability

All required data supporting the findings are available in the manuscript. If the readers require any additional data, the same would be shared electronically by the authors whenever required.

Abbreviations

ADEI:

Average daily exposure by ingestion

ADED:

Average daily exposure by dermal contact

AET:

Average exposure time

AvgHI:

Average Hazard Index values

AvgCR:

Average carcinogenic risk

CCDoE:

Central Composite Design of Experiment

CETP:

Common effluent treatment plant

CPCB:

Central Pollution Control Board

CR:

Carcinogenic risk

CSF:

Carcinogenic slope factor

ESP:

Extremely severely polluted

FAHP:

Fuzzy analytical hierarchical process

FAM:

Fuzzy assessment matrix

FS:

Final scores

GDP:

Gross domestic product

HCA:

Hierarchical cluster analysis

HHRA:

Human Health Risk Assessment

HI:

Hazard Index

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry

IVTFN:

Inter-valued triangular fuzzy number

IVFSs:

Inter-valued fuzzy sets

IVFW:

Inter-valued fuzzy weights

LP:

Less polluted

LPI:

Leachate Pollution Index

LPIDC:

Leachate Pollution Index for Developing Countries

MP:

Moderately polluted

MSW:

Municipal solid wastes

RM:

Relation matrix

SP:

Severely polluted

SSA:

Skin surface area

TCLP:

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

T-LPI:

Textile-Leachate Pollution Index

Tri:

Triangular membership function

Trap:

Trapezoidal membership function

TSDFs:

Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities

VCF:

Volumetric conversion factor

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the responding anonymous reviewers for their important suggestions, which support the improvement of our paper’s quality. Thanks are due to the Advanced Research Laboratory in Environmental Engineering and Faecal Sludge Management (ARLEE-FSM) of the Civil Engineering Department, BITS Pilani, India. The authors thank their parent organisation, BITS Pilani, India, for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out this research work.

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  1. Civil Engineering Department, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, India

    Somya Agarwal & Ajit Pratap Singh

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  1. Somya Agarwal
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Contributions

All authors have contributed as given below with respect to conceptualization, methodology development, data collection, investigation and modeling, original draft preparation, writing, and editing.

SA: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data collection, data interpretation, analysis, original draft preparation, writing, and editing.

APS: conceptualization, methodology, data collection, data interpretation, investigation and analysis, validation, visualization, writing original draft, review and editing, supervision, and correspondence.

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Correspondence to Ajit Pratap Singh.

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Agarwal, S., Singh, A.P. Assessment of Toxicity Characteristics in Leachate from the Textile Industry–Based Sludge Using Leachate Pollution Index. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 774 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06785-9

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