Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing Alfalfa Productivity and Physiological Parameters: Biochar and Biocompost Versus Conventional Fertilizers with Manure and Chemical Fertilizers

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Alfalfa is a fodder food widely demanded by breeders; their classic cultural practice is characterized by the disrespect for the environment and the destruction of the soil. Several sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilizer alternatives, including biochar, have already been proposed. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of biochar on various physiological and productivity parameters of plants. However, there is a notable scarcity of research comparing the impacts of biochar derived from multiple biomasses at different doses, with and without other organic fertilizers with conventional fertilizers. To accurately characterize our substrates, we conducted physicochemical and morphological analyses of biochar, biocompost, manure, and soils. Subsequently, a pot study was conducted to assess the impact of biochar from various sources and doses on alfalfa’s productivity and physiological parameters. To this end, the various productivity and photosynthesis parameters were continuously monitored during this study. These tests showed biochars were very different in terms of chemical and organic compositions depending on the origin of the starting biomass. The combination of biochar sewage sludge and argan shell displayed exceptionally high levels of heavy metal content, with iron (Fe) exceeding 7000 mg/L. Biochar obtained by the pyrolysis of argan shells has on its surface just the basic elements C, Ca, and K with O which was barely detected on the surface. The biocompost exhibited a nitrogen content of less than 0.9% and demonstrated elevated levels of heavy metals, indicating its inferior quality. The comparison of the two agricultural practices under investigation demonstrated that conventional methods utilizing manure, with or without chemical fertilizers, remain the most effective approach for alfalfa productivity. However, certain types of biochar exhibited comparable levels of productivity, specifically the biochar derived from industrial agro-food sewage sludge. Notably, when this biochar was combined with biocompost at a 6% concentration for both of them, it resulted in an initial harvest with a fresh weight of approximately 17 g. Conversely, some biochar, such as the one composed of 6% tomato waste mixed with 3 and 6% biocompost, completely hindered germination at specific doses. Additionally, our study revealed that photosynthesis primarily relies on the plant’s physiological response at a specific time, rather than being influenced by growing conditions or substrate composition. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that each treatment carries its own set of advantages and disadvantages across one or more productivity parameters. The optimal selection among these treatments hinges solely on the intended purpose and sought objectives. Despite all these conclusions, a long-term field study can approve or abrogate these results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

References

  • Abdel-Fattah, T. M., Mahmoud, M. E., Ahmed, S. B., Huff, M. D., Lee, J. W., & Kumar, S. (2015). Biochar from woody biomass for removing metal contaminants and carbon sequestration. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 22, 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.06.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agegnehu, G., Bass, A. M., Nelson, P. N., & Bird, M. I. (2016). Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar-compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Science of the Total Environment, 543, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Lawati, A., Al-Waihibi, H., Al-Rawahy, S. A., Al-Dhuhli, H., Al-Rashdi, M., & Al-Habsi, S. S. (2010). In A. Mushtaque, S. A. Al-Rawahi, & N. Hussain (Eds.), Production and water-use efficiency of alfalfa under different water quantity and quality levels (pp. 61–65). Published in the Monograph on Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Water for Sustainable Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ameta, S. K., Sharma, S., Ameta, R., & Ameta, S. C. (2015). Effect of compost of Parthenium hysterophorus on seed germination and survival. International Journal of Bioassays, 4, 4325–4328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, M. F., Tipre, D. R., & Dave, S. R. (2015). Efficiency evaluation of commercial liquid biofertilizers for growth of Cicer aeritinum (chickpea) in pot and field study. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 4(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2014.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydinalp, C., & Marinova, S. (2009). The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(4), 347–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azeem, M., Sun, D., Crowley, D., Hayat, R., Hussain, Q., Ali, A., Tahir, M. I., Jeyasundar, P. G. S. A., Rinklebe, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Crop types have stronger effects on soil microbial communities and functionalities than biochar or fertilizer during two cycles of legume-cereal rotations of dry land. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 136958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bannink A, & Spoelstra SF. (2000). Relationships between animal nutrition and manure quality ; a literature review on C , N , P and S compounds A literature review on C , N , P and S compounds. June 2014

  • Baruah, N., Mondal, S. C., Farooq, M., & Gogoi, N. (2019). Influence of heavy metals on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat, pea, and tomato. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4329-0

  • Basso, B., & Ritchie, J. T. (2005). Impact of compost, manure and inorganic fertilizer on nitrate leaching and yield for a 6-year maize-alfalfa rotation in Michigan. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 108(4), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, L. A., & Stanley, H. W. (2013). Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy, 5(2), 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brtnicky, M., Datta, R., Holatko, J., Bielska, L., Gusiatin, Z. M., Kucerik, J., Hammerschmiedt, T., Danish, S., Radziemska, M., & Mravcova, L. (2021). A critical review of the possible adverse effects of biochar in the soil environment. Science of the Total Environment, 796, 148756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Z., Kheir, A. M. S., Ali, M. G. M., Ali, O. A. M., Abdelaal, A. I. N., Lin, X., Zhou, Z., Wang, B., Liu, B., & He, Z. (2020). The integrated effect of salinity, organic amendments, phosphorus fertilizers, and deficit irrigation on soil properties, phosphorus fractionation and wheat productivity. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59650-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Moussaoui, H., Ainlhout, L. F. Z., & Bouqbis, L. (2023). Effect of biochar, biocompost and manure on the growth and productivity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): Field and pots study. International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture, 12(3), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.30486/ijrowa.2023.1962480.1500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Moussaoui, H., Ainlhout, L. F. Z., Bourezi, A., & Bouqbis, L. (2022). Alfalfa in arid and semi-arid regions Taroudant as an example, good and bad cultural practices on the environment: a statistical study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1090(1), 12012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Moussaoui, H., & Bouqbis, L. (2022). Interactive effect of biochar and bio-compost on starting growth and physiologic parameters of argan. Sustainability, 14(12), 7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bassi, L., Azzaz, A. A., Jellali, S., Akrout, H., Marks, E. A. N., Ghimbeu, C. M., & Jeguirim, M. (2021). Application of olive mill waste-based biochars in agriculture: impact on soil properties, enzymatic activities and tomato growth. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, T. S., Cassida, K. A., Hesterman, O. B., & Rust, S. R. (1994). Alfalfa maturity and cultivar effects on chemical and in situ estimates of protein degradability. Crop Science, 34(6), 1654–1661. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400060043x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hafeez, Y., Iqbal, S., Jabeen, K., Shahzad, S., Jahan, S., & Rasul, F. (2017). Effect of biochar application on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycine max (L.) merr. under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 49(Special Issue), 7–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, R. J. (1983). Soil acidification induced by leguminous crops. Grass and Forage Science, 38(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01614.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himanen, M., & Hänninen, K. (2011). Composting of bio-waste, aerobic and anaerobic sludges - effect of feedstock on the process and quality of compost. Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. K., Strezov Vladimir, V., Chan, K. Y., Ziolkowski, A., & Nelson, P. F. (2011). Influence of pyrolysis temperature on production and nutrient properties of wastewater sludge biochar. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffery, S., Abalos, D., Prodana, M., Bastos, A. C., Van Groenigen, J. W., Hungate, B. A., & Verheijen, F. (2017). Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd

  • Kelling, K. A., & Schmitt, M. A. (2018). Applying manure to alfalfa: pros, cons and recommendations for three application strategies. https://doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-758

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M., & Mosaddeghi, M. R. (2015). Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management and Research, 33(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14565210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocsis, T., Kotroczó, Z., Kardos, L., & Biró, B. (2020). Optimization of increasing biochar doses with soil–plant–microbial functioning and nutrient uptake of maize. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 20, 101191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krzyszczak, A., Dybowski, M. P., Kończak, M., & Czech, B. (2022). Low bioavailability of derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar obtained from different feedstock. Environmental Research, 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113787

  • Lamb, J. A. F. S., Sheaffer, C. C., & Samac, D. A. (2003). Population density and harvest maturity effects on leaf and stem yield in alfalfa. Agronomy Journal, 95(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.6350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In Biochar for environmental management (pp. 1–13). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B., Li, H., Li, H., Zhang, A., & Rengel, Z. (2021). Long-term biochar application promotes rice productivity by regulating root dynamic development and reducing nitrogen leaching. GCB Bioenergy, 13(1), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W. R., Zeng, D., She, L., Su, W. X., He, D. C., Wu, G. Y., Ma, X. R., Jiang, S., Jiang, C. H., & Ying, G. G. (2020). Comparisons of pollution characteristics, emission situations, and mass loads for heavy metals in the manures of different livestock and poultry in China. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 139023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llorach-Massana, P., Lopez-Capel, E., Peña, J., Rieradevall, J., Montero, J. I., & Puy, N. (2017). Technical feasibility and carbon footprint of biochar co-production with tomato plant residue. Waste Management, 67, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, H., Zhang, W., Wang, S., Zhuang, L., Yang, Y., & Qiu, R. (2013). Characterization of sewage sludge-derived biochars from different feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 102, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.03.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., Liang, J., Zeng, G., Chen, M., Mo, D., Li, G., & Zhang, D. (2018). Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Management, 71, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahdi, Z., El Hanandeh, A., & Yu, Q. J. (2015). Date palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) seed characterization for biochar preparation (pp. 2–4). The 6th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management (EPPM).

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S. J., & Lehmann, J. (2010). Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. C., Slack, D. C., Tanksley, K. A., & Basso, B. (2006). Effects of fresh and composted dairy manure applications on alfalfa yield and the environment in Arizona. Agronomy Journal, 98(1), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mbarki, S., Cerdà, A., Zivcak, M., Brestic, M., Rabhi, M., Mezni, M., Jedidi, N., Abdelly, C., & Pascual, J. A. (2018). Alfalfa crops amended with MSW compost can compensate the effect of salty water irrigation depending on the soil texture. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 115, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.09.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nana, R., Maïga, Y., Ouédraogo, R. F., Kaboré, W. G. B., Badiel, B., & Tamini, Z. (2019). Effect of water quality on the germination of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4938349

  • Oldfield, T. L., Sikirica, N., Mondini, C., López, G., Kuikman, P. J., & Holden, N. M. (2018). Biochar, compost and biochar-compost blend as options to recover nutrients and sequester carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 218, 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (Issue 939). US Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman, A. I., Fawzy, S., Farghali, M., El-Azazy, M., Elgarahy, A. M., Fahim, R. A., Maksoud, M. I. A. A., Ajlan, A. A., Yousry, M., Saleem, Y., & Rooney, D. W. (2022). Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01424-x

  • Palansooriya, K. N., Wong, J. T. F., Hashimoto, Y., Huang, L., Rinklebe, J., Chang, S. X., Bolan, N., Wang, H., & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: a critical review. Biochar, 1(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00009-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peralta, J. R., Gardea-Torresdey, J. L., Tiemann, K. J., Gomez, E., Arteaga, S., Rascon, E., & Parsons, J. G. (2001). Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa ( L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66(6), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0069-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasa, K., Heikkinen, J., Hannula, M., Arstila, K., Kulju, S., & Hyväluoma, J. (2018). How and why does willow biochar increase a clay soil water retention capacity? Biomass and Bioenergy, 119, 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.10.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redmann, R. E. (1974). Osmotic and specific ion effects on the germination of alfalfa. Canadian Journal of Botany, 52(4), 803–808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocci, K. S., Fonte, S. J., von Fischer, J. C., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2019). Nitrogen dynamics in an established Alfalfa field under low biochar application rates. Soil Systems, 3(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040077

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogovska, N., Laird, D., Cruse, R. M., Trabue, S., & Heaton, E. (2012). Germination tests for assessing biochar quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(4), 1014–1022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rombolà, A. G., Marisi, G., Torri, C., Fabbri, D., Buscaroli, A., Ghidotti, M., & Hornung, A. (2015). Relationships between chemical characteristics and phytotoxicity of biochar from poultry litter pyrolysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(30), 6660–6667. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R., Núñez-Delgado, A., Wang, J., Kader, M. A., Sarker, T., Hasan, A. K., & Dindaroglu, T. (2022). Cattle manure compost and biochar supplementation improve growth of Onobrychis viciifolia in coal-mined spoils under water stress conditions. Environmental Research, 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112440

  • Sethy, S. K., & Ghosh, S. (2013). Effect of heavy metals on germination of seeds. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 4(2), 272–275. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.116964

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh, F., Gul, B., Li, W. Q., Liu, X. J., & Khan, M. A. (2007). Effect of calcium and light on the germination of Urochondra setulosa under different salts. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 8(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.B0020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E. C., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M., & van Dongen, J. T. (2021). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment, 751, 141607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smider, B., & Singh, B. (2014). Agronomic performance of a high ash biochar in two contrasting soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 191, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, X. D., Xue, X. Y., Chen, D. Z., He, P. J., & Dai, X. H. (2014). Application of biochar from sewage sludge to plant cultivation: influence of pyrolysis temperature and biochar-to-soil ratio on yield and heavy metal accumulation. Chemosphere, 109, 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Lv, J., Ma, Z., & Dong, W. (2019). The mechanism of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) response to abiotic stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 89(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-019-00530-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spokas, K. A., Novak, J. M., Masiello, C. A., Johnson, M. G., Colosky, E. C., Ippolito, J. A., & Trigo, C. (2014). Physical disintegration of biochar: an overlooked process. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 1(8), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1021/ez500199t

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steel, H., Vandecasteele, B., Willekens, K., Sabbe, K., Moens, T., & Bert, W. (2012). Nematode communities and macronutrients in composts and compost-amended soils as affected by feedstock composition. Applied Soil Ecology, 61, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Alam, M. S., Konhauser, K. O., Alessi, D. S., Xu, S., Tian, W. J., & Liu, Y. (2019). Influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of digested sludge biochar and its application for ammonium removal from municipal wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 927–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touhtouh, D., Moujahid, Y., El Faleh, E., & REL, H. (2015). Caractérisations physico-chimiques de trois types de sols du Saïs, Maroc Physical and chemical characterization of three types of soils of Saïs, Morocco. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 6(12), 3582–3593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucak, M., Ravlić, M., Horvat, D., & Čupić, T. (2021). Improvement of forage nutritive quality of alfalfa and red clover through plant breeding. Agronomy, 11(11), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk Sekulić, M., Pap, S., Stojanović, Z., Bošković, N., Radonić, J., & Šolević, K. T. (2018). Efficient removal of priority, hazardous priority and emerging pollutants with Prunus armeniaca functionalized biochar from aqueous wastes: experimental optimization and modeling. Science of the Total Environment, 613–614, 736–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visioli, G., Conti, F. D., Menta, C., Bandiera, M., Malcevschi, A., Jones, D. L., & Vamerali, T. (2016). Assessing biochar ecotoxicology for soil amendment by root phytotoxicity bioassays. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5173-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeboah, E., Ofori, P., Quansah, G. W., Dugan, E., & Sohi, S. P. (2009). Improving soil productivity through biochar amendments to soils. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3(2), 34–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, X., Yang, Z., Xu, X., Dai, M., & Guo, R. (2018). Characterization and ammonia adsorption of biochar prepared from distillers’ grains anaerobic digestion residue with different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 93(1), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, L., Tong, L., Zhao, N., Wang, X., Yang, X., & Lv, Y. (2020). Key factors and microscopic mechanisms controlling adsorption of cadmium by surface oxidized and aminated biochars. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 382, 121002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zong, Y., Xiao, Q., Malik, Z., Su, Y., Wang, Y., & Lu, S. (2021). Crop straw-derived biochar alleviated cadmium and copper phytotoxicity by reducing bioavailability and accumulation in a field experiment of rice-rape-corn rotation system. Chemosphere, 280, 130830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors wish to thank the Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment of the Faculty of Science of Agadir, the Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, and the Faculty of Applied Sciences of Ait Melloul, University Ibn Zohr, for the funding of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

    Hassan El Moussaoui

  2. Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

    Zaina Idardare & Laila Bouqbis

Authors
  1. Hassan El Moussaoui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zaina Idardare
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Laila Bouqbis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hassan El Moussaoui or Laila Bouqbis.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El Moussaoui, H., Idardare, Z. & Bouqbis, L. Assessing Alfalfa Productivity and Physiological Parameters: Biochar and Biocompost Versus Conventional Fertilizers with Manure and Chemical Fertilizers. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 606 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06618-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06618-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation