Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Risk Assessment of Microplastics Dispersion and Accumulation in Urban Canals to the Water Environment in Vientiane Capital, Laos

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mismanaged plastic waste is a significant contributor to microplastic pollution in the environment, which can cause riverine pollution problems, adverse ecological effects, and pose risks to human health. In this context, extensive research has been conducted on microplastics (MPs) contamination in surface water in urban water environments. This work detected the abundance and characteristics of MPs in urban canals and sub-river (Mark-Hiao River) in the Vientiane capital. Additionally, the hazard risk to the ecological system posed by MPs was analyzed using calculated risk index values. The results showed that the abundance of MPs in the dry and rainy seasons ranged from 0.38 to 4.61 items/m3 and 1.23 to 7.10 items/m3, respectively. Among them, the most commonly found microplastic polymer types in the water samples were polypropylene (PP) > polyethylene (PE) > polystyrene > polyethylene terephthalate (PET) > nylon > other plastic. The diverse composition of MPs along the canals and Mark-Hiao River indicated medium and low hazard levels. However, it is necessary to take action to mitigate and manage the potential risks caused by microplastic pollution, ensuring the preservation of urban aquatic environment for future generations. Strategies recommended encompass promoting publicity and education, implementing green consumption practices, formulating and efficiently implementing regulations, improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant, encouraging the use of biodegradable plastics, refusing single-use and non-degradable plastics, and setting a monitoring standard.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Abeynayaka, A., Kojima, F., Miwa, Y., Ito, N., Nihei, Y., Fukunaga, Y., & Itsubo, N. (2020). Rapid sampling of suspended and floating microplastics in challenging riverine and coastal water environments in Japan. Water, 12(7), 1903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aigars, J., Barone, M., Suhareva, N., Putna-Nimane, I., & Dimante-Deimantovica, I. (2021). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in the surface waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 172, 112860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aizenshtein, A. (2011). Polypropylene fibers and threads on the world and Russian markets. Springer, 43, 230–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akanyange, S. N., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Adom-Asamoah, G., Ature, A. R. A., Anning, C., & Crittenden, J. C. (2022). A holistic assessment of microplastic ubiquitousness: Pathway for source identification in the environment. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 33, 113–145.

  • Al Nahian, S., Rakib, M. R. J., Kumar, R., Haider, S. M. B., Sharma, P., & Idris, A. M. (2023). Distribution, characteristics, and risk assessments analysis of microplastics in shore sediments and surface water of Moheshkhali channel of Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 855, 158892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arias-Andres, M., Rojas-Jimenez, K., & Grossart, H.-P. (2019). Collateral effects of microplastic pollution on aquatic microorganisms: An ecological perspective. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 112, 234–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Athulya, P. A., & Chandrasekaran, N. (2023). Interactions of natural colloids with microplastics in aquatic environment and its impact on FTIR characterization of polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 369, 120950.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babaremu, K. O., Okoya, S. A., Hughes, E., Tijani, B., Teidi, D., Akpan, A., Igwe, J., Karera, S., Oyinlola, M., & Akinlabi, E. T. (2022). Sustainable plastic waste management in a circular economy. Heliyon, 8, e09984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babel, S., Ta, A. T., Loan, N. T. P., Sembiring, E., Setiadi, T., & Sharp, A. (2022). Microplastics pollution in selected rivers from Southeast Asia. APN Science Bulletin, 12, 5–17.

  • Bank, W. (2022). Get CLEAN and Green—Solid and Plastic Waste Management in Lao PDR [Online]. Available: https://data.laos.opendevelopmentmekong.net/en/dataset/544980f7-7864-47fb-b661-798f43e03885/resource/7481bed0-e9b3-48ac-aca2-63bb705cc244/download/get-green_wb_waste.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2022.

  • Bao, R., Wang, Z., Qi, H., Mehmood, T., Cai, M., Zhang, Y., & Liu, F. (2022). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in wastewater treatment plant in a tropical region of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, 131454.

  • Barboza, L. G. A., Vethaak, A. D., Lavorante, B. R., Lundebye, A.-K., & Guilhermino, L. (2018). Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 336–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, E., Arias, J. J. R., & Thielemans, W. (2021). Chemolytic depolymerisation of PET: A review. Green Chemistry, 23(11), 3765–3789.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boháčková, J., Havlíčková, L., Semerád, J., Titov, I., Trhlíková, O., Beneš, H., & Cajthaml, T. (2023). In vitro toxicity assessment of polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride microplastics using three cell lines from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chemosphere, 312, 136996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolognesi, T., Pinto, F. S., & Farrelly, M. (2022). Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance. Taylor & Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bucci, K., Tulio, M., & Rochman, C. (2020). What is known and unknown about the effects of plastic pollution: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Ecological Applications, 30(2), e02044.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbery, M., O’Connor, W., & Palanisami, T. (2018). Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health. Environment International, 115, 400–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, E. J., & Smith, K. L., Jr. (1972). Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Science, 175(4027), 1240–1241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CCAC. 2012. Solid Waste Management City Profile [Online]. Available: https://www.waste.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/files/vientiane-_city_profile_vientiane_capital_lao.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2023.

  • Cesarini, G., Crosti, R., Secco, S., Gallitelli, L., & Scalici, M. (2023). From city to sea: Spatiotemporal dynamics of floating macrolitter in the Tiber River. Science of the Total Environment, 857, 159713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, X., Xue, Y., Li, J., Zou, L., & Tang, M. (2020). Potential health impact of environmental micro-and nanoplastics pollution. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 4–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Jia, Q., Zhao, X., Li, L., Nie, Y., Liu, H., & Ye, J. (2020). The occurrence of microplastics in water bodies in urban agglomerations: Impacts of drainage system overflow in wet weather, catchment land-uses, and environmental management practices. Water Research, 183, 116073.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chira Fernández, J. E., Vargas Rodríguez, L. E., Calderón Cossio, C. A., Arcos Alarcón, F., Mogrovejo Román, M., & De la Cruz Poma, C. (2022). Heavy metals and their impact on surface waters of the Mantaro river basin, Junin, Peru. uri: issn: 2576–4454.

  • Cho, Y., Shim, W. J., Ha, S. Y., Han, G. M., Jang, M., & Hong, S. H. (2023). Microplastic emission characteristics of stormwater runoff in an urban area: Intra-event variability and influencing factors. Science of The Total Environment, 866, 161318.

  • Cole, M., Coppock, R., Lindeque, P. K., Altin, D., Reed, S., Pond, D. W., & Booth, A. M. (2019). Effects of nylon microplastic on feeding, lipid accumulation, and moulting in a coldwater copepod. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7075–7082.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conley, K., Clum, A., Deepe, J., Lane, H., & Beckingham, B. (2019). Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics to an urban estuary: Removal efficiencies and loading per capita over one year. Water Research X, 3, 100030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constant, M., Ludwig, W., Kerhervé, P., Sola, J., Charrière, B., Sanchez-Vidal, A., & Heussner, S. (2020). Microplastic fluxes in a large and a small Mediterranean river catchments: The Têt and the Rhône, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 716, 136984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Frond, H., Cowger, W., Renick, V., Brander, S., Primpke, S., Sukumaran, S., & Rickabaugh, K. (2023). What determines accuracy of chemical identification when using microspectroscopy for the analysis of microplastics? Chemosphere, 313, 137300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Lima Sobrinho, R., da Costa Peçanha, G., de Souza, T. M., Junior, L. C. C., Vidal, L. O., Netto, A. D. P., & Bernardes, M. C. (2023). Evaluation of urban pollution in a tropical lacustrine ecosystem by using n-alkanes and sterols as biomarkers. Environmental Pollution, 316, 120567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, R., Ouyang, F., Peng, D., You, J., Ding, L., Ouyang, Z., & Guo, X. (2022). A case study of distribution and characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments of the seas around Shenzhen, southern coastal area of China. Science of The Total Environment, 838, 156063.

  • Donoso, J. M., & Rios-Touma, B. (2020). Microplastics in tropical Andean rivers: A perspective from a highly populated Ecuadorian basin without wastewater treatment. Heliyon, 6(7), e04302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, R., Sun, X., Lin, H., & Pan, Z. (2022). Assessment of manta trawling and two newly-developed surface water microplastic monitoring techniques in the open sea. Science of the Total Environment, 842, 156803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elizalde-Velázquez, G. A., & Gómez-Oliván, L. M. (2021). Microplastics in aquatic environments: A review on occurrence, distribution, toxic effects, and implications for human health. Science of the Total Environment, 780, 146551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enyoh, C. E., Verla, A. W., & Rakib, M. R. J. (2021). Application of index models for assessing freshwater microplastics pollution. World News of Natural Sciences, 38, 37–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, M. K., Christiansen, J. D., Daugaard, A. E., & Astrup, T. F. (2019). Closing the loop for PET, PE and PP waste from households: Influence of material properties and product design for plastic recycling. Waste Management, 96, 75–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esmaeilbeigi, M., Kazemi, A., Gholizadeh, M., & Rezaeiyeh, R. D. (2023). Microplastics and heavy metals contamination in Atropus atropos and associated health risk assessment in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 57, 102750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giardino, M., Balestra, V., Janner, D., & Bellopede, R. (2023). Automated method for routine microplastic detection and quantification. Science of the Total Environment, 859, 160036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golwala, H., Zhang, X., Iskander, S. M., & Smith, A. L. (2021). Solid waste: An overlooked source of microplastics to the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 769, 144581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guédron, S., Tisserand, D., Garambois, S., Spadini, L., Molton, F., Bounvilay, B., & Polya, D. A. (2014). Baseline investigation of (methyl) mercury in waters, soils, sediments and key foodstuffs in the Lower Mekong Basin: The rapidly developing city of Vientiane (Lao PDR). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 143, 96–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, M., Niu, X., Tang, M., Zhang, B.-T., Wang, G., Yue, W., & Zhu, J. (2020). Distribution of microplastics in surface water of the lower Yellow River near estuary. Science of the Total Environment, 707, 135601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haque, F., & Fan, C. (2022). Prospect of microplastic pollution control under the “New normal” concept beyond COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Cleaner Production, 367, 133027.

  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6), 3060–3075.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, J. N. (2020). Storm events as key moments of microplastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 139436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. J., AftabUddin, S., Akhter, F., Nusrat, N., Rahaman, A., Sikder, M. N. A., & Shi, H. (2022). Surface water, sediment, and biota: The first multi-compartment analysis of microplastics in the Karnafully river, Bangladesh. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 180, 113820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • InsideLaos, S. (2020). Analysis results on microplastic contamination in fish: A case study in That Luang Marsh. Retrieved from https://www.insidelaos.com/2020/09/11/30399/. Accessed 12 Jan 2022.

  • Irfan, M., Qadir, A., Mumtaz, M., & Ahmad, S. R. (2020). An unintended challenge of microplastic pollution in the urban surface water system of Lahore, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16718–16730.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, T., Li, Y., Rob, M. M., & Cheng, H. (2022). Microplastic pollution in Bangladesh: research and management needs. Environmental Pollution, 308, 119697.

  • JICA. (2021). Data collection survey on waste management sector in the lao people’s democratic republic, report [Online]. Available: https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12345914.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2023.

  • Jin, X., Fu, X., Lu, W., & Wang, H. (2022). Fugitive release and influencing factors of microplastics in urbanized watersheds: A case study of the central area of Suzhou City. Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julienne, F., Delorme, N., & Lagarde, F. (2019). From macroplastics to microplastics: Role of water in the fragmentation of polyethylene. Chemosphere, 236, 124409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, P., Hiscoe, R., Moberley, I., Bajic, L., & McKenna, N. (2018). Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics in river catchments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 20264–20267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kentin, E., & Kaarto, H. (2018). An EU ban on microplastics in cosmetic products and the right to regulate. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 27(3), 254–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanal, B. R., & Souksavath, B. (2005). Environmental management measures and current practices in solid waste management: A case study from Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Journal of GMS Development Studies, 2, 69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khattiyavong, C., & Lee, H. S. (2019). Performance simulation and assessment of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology in a densely populated growing city in a developing country: A case study in Vientiane, Laos. Water, 11(5), 1012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khuyen, V. T. K., Le, D. V., Fischer, A. R., & Dornack, C. (2022a). Assessing microplastic dispersion from Saigon urban canals via Can Gio Mangrove Reserve to East Sea in Vietnam by Raman scattering microscopy. Research Square, 42, 104691.

  • Khuyen, V. T. K., Le, D. V., Le, H. A., Fischer, A. R., & Dornack, C. (2022b). Assessing microplastic prevalence and dispersion from Saigon urban canals via Can Gio Mangrove Reserve to East Sea by Raman scattering microscopy. Microplastics, 1(3), 536–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kieu-Le, T.-C., Nguyen, P.-D., Abeynayaka, J. A., Pham, N.-B., Gamaralalage, P. J. D., Van Hieu, P., & Meetiyagoda, T. A. O. (2022). Training Needs Assessment Report (TNA) Towards Microplastic Monitoring and Evidence-Based Policy Measures in Vietnam. IGES, 44, 12650.

  • Kim, S. (2022). Sustainable Solid Waste management Strategy and Action Plan for Vientiane 2021–2030. Lao PDR: Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and Environment Protection Fund (EPF) [Online]. Available:https://gggi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/SWM_Strategy_ENG.pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2023.

  • Koutnik, V. S., Leonard, J., Alkidim, S., DePrima, F. J., Ravi, S., Hoek, E. M., & Mohanty, S. K. (2021). Distribution of microplastics in soil and freshwater environments: Global analysis and framework for transport modeling. Environmental Pollution, 274, 116552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu, M. N., Komakech, H. C., & Lugomela, G. (2022). Analysis of macro-and microplastics in riverine, riverbanks, and irrigated farms in Arusha, Tanzania. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82(1), 142–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahtela, V., & Kärki, T. (2018). Mechanical sorting processing of waste material before composite manufacturing-A review. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 11(6), 35–46.

  • Leiser, R., Wu, G.-M., Neu, T. R., & Wendt-Potthoff, K. (2020). Biofouling, metal sorption and aggregation are related to sinking of microplastics in a stratified reservoir. Water Research, 176, 115748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerici, L. C., Renzini, M. S., & Pierella, L. B. (2015). Chemical catalyzed recycling of polymers: Catalytic conversion of PE, PP and PS into fuels and chemicals over HY. Procedia Materials Science, 8, 297–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. (2022). Legislation and policy on pollution prevention and the control of marine microplastics. Water, 14(18), 2790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, R., Yu, L., Chai, M., Wu, H., & Zhu, X. (2020). The distribution, characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics in the mangroves of Southern China. Science of the Total Environment, 708, 135025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S., Ding, F., Flury, M., Wang, Z., Xu, L., Li, S., & Wang, J. (2022). Macro-and microplastic accumulation in soil after 32 years of plastic film mulching. Environmental Pollution, 300, 118945.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L., Pan, X., Zhang, S., Li, D., Zhai, W., Wang, Z., & Crittenden, J. C. (2021). Distribution and source of microplastics in China’s second largest reservoir-Danjiangkou Reservoir. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 102, 74–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lithner, D., Larsson, Å., & Dave, G. (2011). Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the Total Environment, 409(18), 3309–3324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Zhang, T., Piché-Choquette, S., Wang, G., & Li, J. (2021). Microplastic pollution in China, an invisible threat exacerbated by food delivery services. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107, 778–785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Huang, J., Zhang, W., Shi, L., Yi, K., Yu, H., & Li, J. (2022a). Microplastics as a vehicle of heavy metals in aquatic environments: A review of adsorption factors, mechanisms, and biological effects. Journal of Environmental Management, 302, 113995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., You, J., Tang, Y., He, Y., Breider, F., Tao, S., & Liu, W. (2022b). Quantified effects of multiple parameters on inputs and potential sources of microplastics from a typical river flowing into the sea. ACS ES&T Water, 2(4), 556–564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Lin, M., Huang, X., Yang, Z., Caruso, F., Baini, M., & Li, S. (2023). Floating macro-litter pollution in the northern South China Sea. Environmental Pollution, 316, 120527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, W., Su, L., Craig, N. J., Du, F., Wu, C., & Shi, H. (2019). Comparison of microplastic pollution in different water bodies from urban creeks to coastal waters. Environmental Pollution, 246, 174–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., & Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2015). Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 17988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, R., Hu, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, R., & Guo, X. (2020). Microplastics in the surface water of Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 137820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G., & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Siver Spring, MD, NOAA Marine Debris Division, 31. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-604.

  • Meegaswatte, R. UPa. M. (2021). Assessment of pollution status of Meda ela (Middle Canal) and its influence on Mahaweli River, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment, 4, 08–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michida, Y., Chavanich, S., Chiba, S., Cordova, M. R., Cozsar Cabanas, A., Glagani, F., ... & Wang, J. (2019). Guidelines for harmonizing ocean surface microplastic monitoring methods. Version 1.1. Ministry of the Environment Japan, 71. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-867

  • Moretti, C., Hamelin, L., Jakobsen, L. G., Junginger, M. H., Steingrimsdottir, M. M., Høibye, L., & Shen, L. (2021). Cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of single-use cups made from PLA, PP and PET. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 169, 105508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MPI. (2021). Vientaine Capital Statistics Center [Online]. Available: https://psc-vt.lsb.gov.la/. Accessed 12 Jan 2023.

  • Murphy, F., Russell, M., Ewins, C., & Quinn, B. (2017). The uptake of macroplastic & microplastic by demersal & pelagic fish in the Northeast Atlantic around Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 122(1–2), 353–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najafi, S. K. (2013). Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites–A review. Waste Management, 33(9), 1898–1905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, T., & Osako, M. (2023). Development of a process-based eco-hydrology model for evaluating the spatio-temporal dynamics of macro-and micro-plastics for the whole of Japan. Ecological Modelling, 476, 110243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Napper, I. E., & Thompson, R. C. (2020). Plastic debris in the marine environment: History and future challenges. Global Challenges, 4(6), 1900081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasrabadi, T., Ruegner, H., Schwientek, M., Ghadiri, A., Hashemi, S. H., & Grathwohl, P. (2022). Dilution of PAHs loadings of particulate matter in air, dust and rivers in urban areas: A comparative study (Tehran megacity, Iran and city of Tübingen, SW-Germany). Science of the Total Environment, 806, 151268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, M. K., Lin, C., Hung, N. T. Q., Vo, D.-V.N., Nguyen, K. N., Thuy, B. T. P., & Tran, H. T. (2022). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in peatland areas: A case study in Long An province of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Science of the Total Environment, 844, 157066.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, B.-J., Xu, Q., & Wei, W. (2023). Microplastics in Urban Water Management. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Z., Guo, H., Chen, H., Wang, S., Sun, X., Zou, Q., & Huang, J. (2019). Microplastics in the Northwestern Pacific: Abundance, distribution, and characteristics. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1913–1922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Z., Sun, Y., Liu, Q., Lin, C., Sun, X., He, Q., & Lin, H. (2020). Riverine microplastic pollution matters: A case study in the Zhangjiang River of Southeastern China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, 111516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H., & Park, B. (2021). Review of microplastic distribution, toxicity, analysis methods, and removal technologies. Water, 13(19), 2736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pico, Y., Alfarhan, A., & Barcelo, D. (2019). Nano-and microplastic analysis: Focus on their occurrence in freshwater ecosystems and remediation technologies. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 113, 409–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirika. (2020). Microplastic Survey Manual. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXJGtOsuu5A

  • Pitawala, P., Danthurebandara, M., & Rajapaksha, L. (2022). Life cycle assessment of paper and plastic grocery bags used in Sri Lankan supermarkets. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(11), 11183–11198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pongstabodee, S., Kunachitpimol, N., & Damronglerd, S. (2008). Combination of three-stage sink–float method and selective flotation technique for separation of mixed post-consumer plastic waste. Waste Management, 28(3), 475–483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasertwit, M. T., & Kanchanasuntorn, K. (2021). Household waste analysis during the situation of covid-19 in thailand. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal| NVEO, 8, 8259–8268.

  • Prata, J. C., Silva, A. L. P., Da Costa, J. P., Mouneyrac, C., Walker, T. R., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). Solutions and integrated strategies for the control and mitigation of plastic and microplastic pollution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quesadas-Rojas, M., Enriquez, C., & Valle-Levinson, A. (2021). Natural and anthropogenic effects on microplastic distribution in a hypersaline lagoon. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razeghi, N., Hamidian, A. H., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., & Yang, M. (2021). Microplastic sampling techniques in freshwaters and sediments: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(6), 4225–4252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimondi, V., Monnanni, A., De Beni, E., Bicocchi, G., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., & Venturi, S. (2022). Occurrence and quantification of natural and microplastic items in urban streams: The case of Mugnone Creek (Florence, Italy). Toxics, 10(4), 159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, M., Abrantes, N., Gonçalves, F., Nogueira, H., Marques, J., & Gonçalves, A. (2019). Impacts of plastic products used in daily life on the environment and human health: What is known? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 72, 103239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, D. J., Sarkar, S. D., Das, B. K., Sahoo, B. K., Das, A., Nag, S. K., & Samanta, S. (2021). Occurrence, fate and removal of microplastics as heavy metal vector in natural wastewater treatment wetland system. Water Research, 192, 116853.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skalska, K., Ockelford, A., Ebdon, J. E., & Cundy, A. B. (2020). Riverine microplastics: Behaviour, spatio-temporal variability, and recommendations for standardised sampling and monitoring. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 38, 101600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sruthi, K., Navaneeth, A., & Harikumar, P. (2023). Assessment of water quality and ecosystem health of a canal system during the lockdown period. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 9(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H., Chen, N., Yang, X., Xia, Y., & Wu, D. (2021). Effects induced by polyethylene microplastics oral exposure on colon mucin release, inflammation, gut microflora composition and metabolism in mice. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, L., Feng, J.-C., Li, C., Liang, J., Zhang, S., & Yang, Z. (2023). Global occurrence, drivers, and environmental risks of microplastics in marine environments. Journal of Environmental Management, 329, 116961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thi, O. D., Thi, T. D., Nhu, H. N. T., Thi, Q. H., Phuong, Q. L. T., Hong, P. D., & Huyen, T. B. (2021). Preliminary results on microplastics in surface water from the downstream of the Day River. Science of the Earth, 43(4), 485–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, W., Song, P., Zhang, H., Duan, X., Wei, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, S. (2022). Microplastic materials in the environment: Problem and strategical solutions. Progress in Materials Science, 132, 101035.

  • Tong, Y., Lin, L., Tao, Y., Huang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2022). The occurrence, speciation, and ecological effect of plastic pollution in the bay ecosystems. Science of The Total Environment, 857, 159601.

  • Tziourrou, P., Kordella, S., Ardali, Y., Papatheodorou, G., & Karapanagioti, H. (2021). Microplastics formation based on degradation characteristics of beached plastic bags. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169, 112470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitali, C., Peters, R., Janssen, H. G., Nielen, M. W., & Ruggeri, F. S. (2022). Microplastics and nanoplastics in food, water, and beverages, part ii. Methods. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 157, 116819.

  • Wagner, M., & Lambert, S. (2018). Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer Nature.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, B. A., Yen, N., & Hu, C.-S. (2021). Strategies, actions, and policies by Taiwan’s ENGOs, media, and government to reduce plastic use and marine plastic pollution. Marine Policy, 126, 104391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Gao, H., Jin, S., Li, R., & Na, G. (2019). The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on aquatic food web, from primary producer to human: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 173, 110–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, L., McGrattan, S., Sullivan, P. J., & Walter, M. T. (2019). The effect of dams on river transport of microplastic pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 664, 834–840.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, J. K. H., Lee, K. K., Tang, K. H. D., & Yap, P.-S. (2020). Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: Prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions. Science of the Total Environment, 719, 137512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong, X., Zhang, K., Chen, X., Shi, H., Luo, Z., & Wu, C. (2018). Sources and distribution of microplastics in China’s largest inland lake–Qinghai Lake. Environmental Pollution, 235, 899–906.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, P., Peng, G., Su, L., Gao, Y., Gao, L., & Li, D. (2018). Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 647–654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, D., Gao, B., Wan, X., Peng, W., & Zhang, B. (2022). Influence of catastrophic flood on microplastics organization in surface water of the Three Gorges Reservoir. China. Water Research, 211, 118018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., Chen, L., & Xue, L. (2021). Looking for a Chinese solution to global problems: The situation and countermeasures of marine plastic waste and microplastics pollution governance system in China. Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment, 19(4), 352–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, S., Zhang, W., Li, W., Li, Z., Wu, M., & Shan, B. (2023). Shifts in the bacterial community caused by combined pollutant loads in the North Canal River, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 127, 541–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z., Nag, R., & Cummins, E. (2022). Human health concerns regarding microplastics in the aquatic environment-From marine to food systems. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153730.

  • Zhao, H., Li, P., He, X., & Ning, J. (2022). Microplastics pollution and risk assessment in selected surface waters of the Wei River Plain, China. Exposure and Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00522-z

  • Zhao, H., Zhou, Y., Han, Y., Sun, Y., Ren, X., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2022b). Pollution status of microplastics in the freshwater environment of China: A mini review. Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics, 1(1), 5.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express our gratitude to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Laos and National University of Laos for collaboration and providing with valuable data.

Funding

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the project for Human Development Scholarship by Japanese Grant Aid (JDS) for providing a scholarship to Vongdala Noudeng.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Japan

    Vongdala Noudeng, Nguyen Van Quan & Tran Dang Xuan

  2. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Dongnasok-Nong Beuk Road, P.O.Box 7864, Vientiane, 0117, Laos

    Vongdala Noudeng

  3. Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Japan

    Tran Dang Xuan

  4. National University of Laos, Dongdok Village, Xaythany District, Vientiane, 2JPP+Q2, Laos

    Chansomphou Vathanamixay & Phengsisomboun Souvanna

Authors
  1. Vongdala Noudeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nguyen Van Quan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tran Dang Xuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chansomphou Vathanamixay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Phengsisomboun Souvanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tran Dang Xuan.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Noudeng, V., Van Quan, N., Xuan, T.D. et al. Risk Assessment of Microplastics Dispersion and Accumulation in Urban Canals to the Water Environment in Vientiane Capital, Laos. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 575 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06587-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06587-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation