Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs), created for the treatment of wastewater, offer novel and potential solutions for environmental protection, fitting within the larger context of the demand for low-cost and long-term wastewater treatment systems among developing nations. Within this section, an investigation into the utilization of cold drink plastic bottle chips (CDPBC) as a media within the hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) operational mechanism for the treatment of wastewater was carried out. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized in order to carry out the task of optimizing the CDPBC media layer thickness conditions for the treatment process. The experimental variables, which included the concentration of municipal wastewater, the CDPBC media layer, the flow rate, and the hydraulic loading rate (HLR), were optimized using a four-factor BBD. The results of the quadratic models produced were statistically significant (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence levels, according to the ANOVA findings. During the optimization analysis based on BBD, a 17.5 mm CDPBC layer with a flow rate of 57.24 l/day and an HLR of 0.585 m/day recorded an extraordinary level of organic load degradation by microbes, as measured by removal efficiency of BOD3, COD, and TSS 91.58%, 88.74%, and 91.29%, respectively. The validity of the model was confirmed by these findings, and it was discovered that the experimental value is probably close to the value that was projected. This demonstrates that the empirical model obtained from the RSM experimental design can accurately describe the connection between the independent variables and response.
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Data Availability
All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Abbreviations
- CWs:
-
Constructed wetlands
- CDPBC:
-
Cold drink plastic bottle chips
- HCW:
-
Hybrid constructed wetland
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- BBD:
-
Box–Behnken design
- BOD3 :
-
Biochemical oxygen demand
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- TSS:
-
Total suspended solid
- HLR:
-
Hydraulic loading rate
- 4IR:
-
Fourth industrial revolution
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
- FTWs:
-
Floating treatment wetlands
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- PRESS:
-
Predicted residual error of sum of squares
- CV:
-
Coefficient of variance
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Krishna Kumar Singh contributed to the study setup installation, methodology, data collection, data analysis, and original manuscript preparation. Rakesh Chandra Vaishya Supervision setup installation and manuscript preparation, a resource provided.
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Singh, K.K., Vaishya, R.C. Optimization of Media Layer in Hybrid Constructed Wetland for Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Box–Behnken Model. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 445 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06476-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06476-5