Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal that poses several problems to human health and the environment requiring remediation to reduce such risks. In situ remediation is a promising, low-cost strategy for immobilizing heavy metals in soil. Using soil materials from a natural forest and from a mining area near the forest, Cd released kinetics (by the stirred flow method) combined with sequential chemical extraction as a function of the application of rates of biochar, phosphate, calcite, and biosolids were investigated through a series of laboratory experiments. Among the amendments, biochar and biosolids were more effective in reducing Cd desorption kinetics in forest soil than in mine soil. Both treatments increased the Cd associated with organic matter (OM), which suggests that part of the Cd was immobilized by the organic compounds that were applied to the soil. Phosphate application to both soils reduced Cd desorption kinetics. Column leaching carried out using the mine soil showed that a quarter and a half of the phosphorus (P) rate increased Cd leaching, while the higher rate decreased Cd leaching compared to untreated forest soil. Treatment with calcite was more effective in decreasing desorption kinetics of Cd in the mine soil in the initial time period (30 min), while the same was observed in the forest soil only after 120 min. In both soils, the Cd associated with OM increased after the addition of calcite as a result of the increase in the negative charge on the surfaces of the OM.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
References
Adhikari, T., & Singh, M. V. (2008). Remediation of cadmium pollution in soils by different amendments: A column study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39, 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701826514
Alloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils, environmental pollution. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
Atalay, Y. B., Di Toro, D. M., & Carbonaro, R. F. (2013). Estimation of stability constants for metal–ligand complexes containing neutral nitrogen donor atoms with applications to natural organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 122, 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.08.030
Awad, Y. M., Blagodatskaya, E., Ok, Y. S., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2013). Effects of polyacrylamide, biopolymer and biochar on the decomposition of 14C-labelled maize residues and on their stabilization in soil aggregates. European Journal of Soil Science, 64, 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12034
Barbier, O., Jacquillet, G., Tauc, M., Cougnon, M., & Poujeol, P. (2005). Effect of heavy metals on, and handling by, the kidney. Nephron Physiology, 99, p105–p110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000083981
Basta, N. T., & McGowen, S. L. (2004). Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 127, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00250-1
Bolan, N., Kunhikrishnan, A., Thangarajan, R., Kumpiene, J., Park, J., Makino, T., Beth, M., & Scheckel, K. (2014). Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils – To mobilize or to immobilize? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 266, 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018
Bolan, N. S., Naidu, R., Syers, J. K., & Tillman, R. W. (1999). Surface charge and solute interactions in soils. Advances in Agronomy, 67, 87–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60514-3
Carbonaro, R. F., Atalay, Y. B., & Di Toro, D. M. (2011). Linear free energy relationships for metal–ligand complexation: Bidentate binding to negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 2499–2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.027
CETESB, 2016. Guide values for soil and groundwater in São Paulo [WWW Document]. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/aguas-subterraneas/valores-orientadores-para-solo-e-agua-subterranea/. Accessed 2 August 2021.
Cheng, C.-H., Lehmann, J., Thies, J. E., Burton, S. D., & Engelhard, M. H. (2006). Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37, 1477–1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.06.022
Degryse, F., Smolders, E., & Parker, D. R. (2009). Partitioning of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils: Concepts, methodologies, prediction and applications - A review. European Journal of Soil Science, 60, 590–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01142.x
Facchini Cerqueira, M. R., Pinto, M. F., Derossi, I. N., Esteves, W. T., Rachid Santos, M. D., Costa Matos, M. A., Lowinsohn, D., & Matos, R. C. (2014). Chemical characteristics of rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.031
Fang, Y., Cao, X., & Zhao, L. (2012). Effects of phosphorus amendments and plant growth on the mobility of Pb, Cu, and Zn in a multi-metal-contaminated soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 1659–1667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0674-2
Conz, R. F., Abbruzzini, T. F., Andrade, C. D., Milori, D. M., & Cerri, C. E. (2017). Effect of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on agricultural properties and stability of biochars. Agricultural Sciences, 08, 914–933. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2017.89067
Fink, J. R., Inda, A. V., Tiecher, T., & Barrón, V. (2016). Iron oxides and organic matter on soil phosphorus availability. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 40, 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016404023016
Fontes, R. L. F., Pereira, J. M. N., Neves, J. C. L., & Fontes, M. P. F. (2008). Cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and nickel in lettuce and dry beans as related to Mehlich-3 extraction in three Brazilian latossols. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 884–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160802043239
Grant, C. A., & Sheppard, S. C. (2008). Fertilizer impacts on cadmium availability in agricultural soils and crops. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 14, 210–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030801934895
Grobelak, A., Placek, A., Grosser, A., Singh, B. R., Almås, Å. R., Napora, A., & Kacprzak, M. (2017). Effects of single sewage sludge application on soil phytoremediation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.005
Hamidpour, M., Khadivi, E., & Afyuni, M. (2016). Residual effects of biosolids and farm manure on speciation and plant uptake of heavy metals in a calcareous soil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5840-x
He, M., Shi, H., Zhao, X., Yu, Y., & Qu, B. (2013). Immobilization of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil using nano-crystallite hydroxyapatite. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 657–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.090
Henson, M. C., & Chedrese, P. J. (2004). Endocrine disruption by cadmium, a common environmental toxicant with paradoxical effects on reproduction. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood), 229, 383–392.
Ingram, J. S. I., Anderson, J. M., & Jonathan, M. (1993). Tropical soil biology and fertility: A handbook of methods. CAB International.
Khan, M. A., Khan, S., Khan, A., & Alam, M. (2017). Soil contamination with cadmium, consequences and remediation using organic amendments. Science of the Total Environment, 601–602, 1591–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.06.030
Kookana, R. S., Sarmah, A. K., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E., & Singh, B. (2011). Biochar application to soil. agronomic and environmental benefits and unintended consequences. Advances in Agronomy, 112, 103–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385538-1.00003-2
Krishnamurti, G. S. R., Huang, P. M., & Kozak, L. M. (1999). Sorption and desorption kinetics of cadmium from soils: Influence of phosphate. Soil Science, 164, 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199912000-00002
Lee, S. H., Lee, J. S., Jeong Choi, Y., & Kim, J. G. (2009). In situ stabilization of cadmium-, lead-, and zinc-contaminated soil using various amendments. Chemosphere, 77, 1069–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.056
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota - A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 1812–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022
Levi-Minzi, R., & Petruzzelli, G. (1984). The influence of phosphate fertilizers on Cd solubility in soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 23, 423–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284737
Loganathan, P., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., & Naidu, R. (2012). Cadmium sorption and desorption in soils: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 489–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.520234
Lorenz, S. E., Hamon, R. E., McGrath, S. P., Holm, P. E., & Christensen, T. H. (1994). Applications of fertilizer cations affect cadmium and zinc concentrations in soil solutions and uptake by plants. European Journal of Soil Science, 45, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00497.x
Mahar, A., Wang, P., Li, R., & Zhang, Z. (2015). Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using amendments: A review. Pedosphere, 25, 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30036-9
Maria, I., Reis, S., José De Melo, W., & Marques Júnior, J. (2021). Barium and cadmium in tropical soils cropped and under native forest. Research Square, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-813516/v1.
McBride, M. B. (1994). Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press.
McGowen, S. L., Basta, N. T., & Brown, G. O. (2001). Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 493. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302493x
Melo, L. C. A., Puga, A. P., Coscione, A. R., Beesley, L., Abreu, C. A., & Camargo, O. A. (2016). Sorption and desorption of cadmium and zinc in two tropical soils amended with sugarcane-straw-derived biochar. J. Soils Sediments, 16, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1199-y
Morgan, H., Smart, G. A., & Sherlock, J. C. (1988). The Shipham report. An investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. Intakes of metal. The Science of the total environment, 75, 71–100.
Nejad, Z. D., Jung, M. C., & Kim, K. H. (2017). Remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals with an emphasis on immobilization technology. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, 927–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10653-017-9964-Z
Ociepa, E., Mrowiec, M., & Lach, J. (2017). Influence of fertilisation with sewage sludge-derived preparation on selected soil properties and prairie cordgrass yield. Environmental Research, 156, 775–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.003
Palansooriya, K. N., Shaheen, S. M., Chen, S. S., Tsang, D. C. W., Hashimoto, Y., Hou, D., Bolan, N. S., Rinklebe, J., & Ok, Y. S. (2020). Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. Environment International, 134, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2019.105046
Puga, A. P., Abreu, C. A., Melo, L. C. A., & Beesley, L. (2015). Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Management, 159, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2015.05.036
Puga, A. P., Melo, L. C. A., de Abreu, C. A., & Coscione, A. R. (2016a). Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar. Soil and Tillage Research, 164, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.01.008
Puga, A. P., Melo, L. C. A., de Abreu, C. A., Coscione, A. R., & Paz-Ferreiro, J. (2016b). Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar. Soil and Tillage Research, 164, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.01.008
Ren, Z., Sivry, Y., Dai, J., Tharaud, M., Cordier, L., Zelano, I., & Benedetti, M. F. (2016). Exploring Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn dynamic speciation in mining and smelting-contaminated soils with stable isotopic exchange kinetics. Applied Geochemistry, 64, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2015.09.007
Selim, H. M., & Gaston, L. A. (2017). Transport of cadmium and phosphate in soils. Soil Science, 182, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000218
Semenzin, E., Critto, A., Carlon, C., Rutgers, M., & Marcomini, A. (2007). Development of a site-specific ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites: Part II. A multi-criteria based system for the selection of bioavailability assessment tools. Science of the Total Environment, 379, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.034
Sharma, B., Sarkar, A., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2017). Agricultural utilization of biosolids: A review on potential effects on soil and plant grown. Waste Management, 64, 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.002
Shi, T., Ma, J., Wu, F., Ju, T., Gong, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Hou, H., Zhao, L., & Shi, H. (2019). Mass balance-based inventory of heavy metals inputs to and outputs from agricultural soils in Zhejiang Province, China. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 1269–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.414
Sidhu, V., Sarkar, D., & Datta, R. (2016). Effects of biosolids and compost amendment on chemistry of soils contaminated with copper from mining activities. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5185-7
Silveira, M. L., Alleoni, L. R. F., O’Connor, G. A., & Chang, A. C. (2006). Heavy metal sequential extraction methods-A modification for tropical soils. Chemosphere, 64, 1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.018
Soares, M. B., Dos Santos, F. H., & Alleoni, L. R. F. (2022). Temporal changes in arsenic and lead pools in a contaminated sediment amended with biochar pyrolyzed at different temperatures. Chemosphere, 287, 132102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.132102
Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. In Advances in agronomy (pp. 47–82). Academic Press Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)05002-9
Sparks, D.L., 1989. Kinetics of soil chemical processes.
Sposito, G. (2008). The chemistry of soils (2nd ed.). Nova York.
Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101, 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
Thawornchaisit, U., & Polprasert, C. (2009). Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers for the stabilization of cadmium in highly contaminated soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165, 1109–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.103
Tipping, E., Lofts, S., & Sonke, J. E. (2011). Humic ion-binding model VII: A revised parameterisation of cation-binding by humic substances. Environmental Chemistry, 8, 225. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN11016
US Geological Survey. (2021). Mineral commodity summaries (p. 2021).
US Geological Survey. (1996). Mineral commodity summaries (p. 1996).
USEPA. (2007). Method 3051A: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils and oils (EPA. ed.).
Verheijen, F., Jeffery, S., Bastos, A. C., Van der Velde, M., Diafas, I., European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, & Verheijen, F. (2010). Biochar application to soils: A critical scientific review of effects on soil properties, processes and functions. Publications Office.
Wang, R., Shafi, M., Ma, J., Zhong, B., Guo, J., Hu, X., Xu, W., Yang, Y., Ruan, Z., Wang, Y., Ye, Z., & Liu, D. (2018). Effect of amendments on contaminated soil of multiple heavy metals and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 28695–28704. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-018-2918-X/FIGURES/7
Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 2011, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
Yin, Y., Allen, H. E., Huang, C. P., Sparks, D. L., & Sanders, P. F. (1997). Kinetics of mercury(II) adsorption and desorption on soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9603214
Yue, Y., Cui, L., Lin, Q., Li, G., & Zhao, X. (2017). Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth. Chemosphere, 173, 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.096
Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Song, L., Song, X., Hänninen, H., & Wu, J. (2017a). Biochar enhances nut quality of Torreya grandis and soil fertility under simulated nitrogen deposition. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.036
Zhang, R. H., Li, Z. G., Liu, X. D., Wang, B., Zhou, G. L., Huang, X. X., Lin, C. F., Wang, A., & Brooks, M. (2017b). Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar. Ecological Engineering, 98, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2016.10.057
Zhou, J., Du, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Xu, L., Fan, X., Liu, X., & Zhou, J. (2019). Distributions and pools of lead (Pb) in a terrestrial forest ecosystem with highly elevated atmospheric Pb deposition and ecological risks to insects. Science of the Total Environment, 647, 932–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.091
Zoffoli, H. J. O., do Amaral-Sobrinho, N. M. B., Zonta, E., Luisi, M. V., Marcon, G., & Tolón-Becerra, A. (2013). Inputs of heavy metals due to agrochemical use in tobacco fields in Brazil’s Southern Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 2423–2437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2721-y
Acknowledgements
The 1st author gratefully thanks the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grants #2016/13734-0 and #2017/11700-4) and the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (grant #141085/2016-9) for the scholarships granted for this research. The 2nd author gratefully thanks the FAPESP (grant #2019/06897-9) for the scholarships granted for this research. The 4th author thanks CNPq (grant #306429/2018-7) for the scholarship granted for this research. This study was partially funded by CNPq and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FPG: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and data processing. MBS: data processing; writing—original draft, review and editing. AA: methodology, data processing, writing—review and editing. LRFA: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gomes, F.P., Soares, M.B., Amoozegar, A. et al. How Does the Use of Biochar, Phosphate, Calcite, and Biosolids Affect the Kinetics of Cadmium Release in Contaminated Soil?. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 439 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06452-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06452-z