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Hydrogeochemical Evaluation, Groundwater Quality Appraisal, and Potential Health Risk Assessment in a Coal Mining Region of Eastern India

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Abstract

The major focus of the research work is on the evaluation of the hydrogeochemical characteristics, water quality index (WQI), and health risk assessment in a coal mining region of eastern India. Fifty-six water samples were collected from tube wells, dug wells, streams, and rivers for the present study. The major hydrogeochemical facies are Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, which indicates the dissolution of carbonate phase minerals. Relatively higher levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and lower SO42− concentration with alkaline pH conditions could have controlled the dissolution of ions in the coal-bearing aquifer. Rock-water interaction, ion exchange processes, and carbonate phase dissolutions are the major hydrogeochemical processes governing the ionic concentrations in the groundwater. Geochemical modeling shows groundwater samples are in near saturation to equilibrium condition with the carbonate phase minerals such as calcite and dolomite, while undersaturated with sulfate phase minerals such as anhydrite and gypsum. The results of the multivariate analyses reveal the contribution from natural and anthropogenic sources that determines the groundwater composition in the coal mining area. Based on (WQI) model, about 82% of the water samples were excellent to good category. The cumulative health risk assessment based on ingestion of (F− and NO3− concentrations) in groundwater indicates a non-carcinogenic risk of 90% for children and 92% for adults. Therefore, health risk reduction measures and necessary action plans should be adopted to improve the drinking water quality standard and for the protection of water resources in the coal mining regions.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. The manuscript has data included as electronic supplementary material.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. V. M. Tiwari, Director of CSIR-NGRI for his kind encouragement and permission to publish the manuscript. We are also thankful to Mr. Neeraj Kalla, General Manager (Environment), and Mr. VikasHansa (Environmental Engineer), of Basundhara Coal Mines (MCL), for their kind help during the fieldwork. The authors are thankful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which have substantially improved the manuscript.

Funding

This research is partially supported by the CSIR-NGRI and Ravenshaw University Self-Research Program. Manuscript No. is NGRI/Lib/2022/Pub-22.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 003, India

    Priyajit Samal, Somnath Khaoash & Patitapaban Mishra

  2. Hydrogeochemistry Division, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India

    Atulya Kumar Mohanty

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  3. Somnath Khaoash
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  4. Patitapaban Mishra
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Samal, P., Mohanty, A.K., Khaoash, S. et al. Hydrogeochemical Evaluation, Groundwater Quality Appraisal, and Potential Health Risk Assessment in a Coal Mining Region of Eastern India. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 324 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05811-6

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