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Legacy Contamination of River Sediments from Four Decades of Coal Mine Effluent Inhibits Ecological Recovery of a Polluted World Heritage Area River

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution volume 233, Article number: 15 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

A revised environmental licence that authorises the disposal of coal mine effluent has reduced the severity and spatial extent of water pollution and associated ecological impairment of a high conservation-value river flowing into and within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. This study investigated water quality and the ecological condition of the Wollangambe River above and below a colliery effluent outfall and assessed the longitudinal impact 22 km downstream. Results are compared to a previous study conducted in 2012/2013 when the environmental licence allowed hazardous pollutant discharges (zinc, nickel) from the colliery. The current study revealed that water quality and river sediment at sampling sites in close proximity (< 2 km) to the effluent outfall continues to contribute ecologically hazardous concentrations of metals and river macroinvertebrates reflect diminished ecological health. However, further downstream monitoring has revealed a significant improvement in ecological condition that can be directly attributed to the revised pollution licence. We hypothesise that the ecological recovery of the most contaminated reaches of the river that lies proximate to the discharge point is constrained by four decades of accumulated zinc and nickel within river sediments. Nickel (978 mg/kg) and zinc (2080 mg/kg) exceeded ecosystem protection guidelines by 45 and 10 times, respectively. The study highlights the importance of appropriate and site-specific environmental licencing to protect riverine ecosystems of conservation significance from long-term contamination.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge and pay our respects to the traditional custodians of the land in which this study was conducted, the Darug, Gundungarra and Wiradjurri people and their elders past and present. Thanks to the Blue Mountains Conservation Society and Colong Foundation for Wilderness for providing financial support for the analysis of water samples. Thanks to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service for permission to collect samples in the conservation area. Western Sydney University provided laboratory and technical support for the research. The senior author undertook this research as part of his Masters of Research study. We thank Michael Franklin and Sue Cusbert for their technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, Australia

    Callum Fleming, Nakia Belmer, Jason K. Reynolds & Ian A. Wright

  2. School of Humanities and Communication Arts, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, Australia

    Leo Robba

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Peter J. Davies

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  1. Callum Fleming
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  2. Nakia Belmer
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Correspondence to Ian A. Wright.

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Fleming, C., Belmer, N., Reynolds, J.K. et al. Legacy Contamination of River Sediments from Four Decades of Coal Mine Effluent Inhibits Ecological Recovery of a Polluted World Heritage Area River. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05487-4

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Keywords

  • World heritage
  • Environmental management
  • Freshwater ecosystems
  • Water quality
  • Macroinvertebrates
  • Metal pollution
  • Ecological recovery
  • Coal mine wastewater
  • Wastewater regulation