Abstract
Cyanobacteria are microorganisms capable of releasing toxic metabolites in freshwater, deleterious to humans and other living organisms even in very low concentrations. Removing both cyanobacteria cells and their metabolites in conventional water treatment systems is still a challenge that needs to be addressed. This paper evaluated the use of Moringa oleifera saline extract and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) as coagulants in order to remove cells and metabolites of M. aeruginosa from water. Samples consisted of synthetic water spiked with humic acid and M. aeruginosa cells, with a final turbidity of 25 NTU. Coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/D/DAF) tests were performed with 50 mg/L of M. oleifera coagulant, combined with different proportions of PACl (10–50%). For removal of metabolites, 25 μg/L of microcystin and 50 ng/L of 2-MIB and geosmin were spiked in water samples. The best results were obtained with 70:30 M. oleifera:PACl, achieving removal efficiencies of 81.37%, 74.69%, and 71.06% for turbidity, color, and cell density, respectively. For microcystin, 2-MIB, and geosmin, after filtration (30 min), global removal efficiencies (clarification + filtration) of 99.45%, 62.37%, and 100%, respectively, were obtained, using Sand+GAC filter. The results suggest that the substitution of PACl by M. oleifera extract can be a good option to remove cyanobacteria cells from water, and high removal efficiencies of metabolites can be achieved after the complete proposed treatment.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Council of Scientific and Technology Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq) and the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, from the Federal University of Technology, Paraná, Brazil. The Moringa oleifera seeds were donated by the Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil.
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This research was funded by the National Council of Scientific and Technology Development (CNPq), grant number 487115/2013-9.
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Conceptualization, L.A.A.C. and F.J.B.; methodology, M.S.C.; formal analysis, M.S.C.; investigation, M.S.C.; resources, F.J.B.; writing (original draft preparation), M.S.C.; writing (review and editing), R.A.K., L.A.A.C., and F.J.B.; supervision, L.A.A.C. and F.J.B.; project administration, F.J.B.; and funding acquisition, F.J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Carvalho, M.S., de Almeida Konzen, R., de Almeida Coral, L.A. et al. Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Extract as a Biocoagulant to Remove Microcystis aeruginosa Cells and Dissolved Metabolites. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 163 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05136-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05136-w