Abstract
Removal of textile azo-dyes from industrial wastewater is a concerning problem in the modern societies. Adsorption of organic dyes is an alternative for removing these pollutants, but efficient and low-cost adsorbents are required. In this work, a natural (crude) bentonite was used as adsorbent to remove a model cationic (basic) textile dye (basic red 46). Some parameters such as initial dye concentration, time, pH, and temperature were studied in semi-batch experiments to obtain the best conditions for adsorption of basic red 46 (BR-46) with minimal quantity of adsorbent (10 mg in 100 mL of solution). An experimental adsorption capacity (qm) of 594 mg g−1 was determined directly from the adsorption curve for 60 mg L−1, pH=7 and 25 °C. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were also estimated. Several adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle diffusion) were applied to the experimental data; thus, the best settings were obtained by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The comparison of results obtained for this natural bentonite with respect to some materials published in the literature reveals the excellent performance of this material for adsorption of BR-46, allowing a fast and higher removal (94% ± 4, at 10 min), under mild conditions (neutral pH, 25 °C and atmospheric pressure).
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afroze, S., & Sen, T. K. (2018). A review on heavy metal ions and dye adsorption from water by agricultural solid waste adsorbents. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 229, 225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3869-z.
Afshin, S., Mokhtari, S. A., Vosoughi, M., Sadeghi, H., & Rashtbari, Y. (2018). Data of adsorption of Basic Blue 41 dye from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from filamentous algae. Data in Brief, 21, 1008–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.023.
Alipanahpour Dil, E., Ghaedi, M., Asfaram, A., Mehrabi, F., Bazrafshan, A. A., & Tayebi, L. (2019). Synthesis and application of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon for ultrasound-assisted adsorption of Basic Red 46 dye. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 58, 104702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104702.
Alves de Lima, R. O., Bazo, A. P., Salvadori, D. M. F., Rech, C. M., de Palma Oliveira, D., & de Aragão Umbuzeiro, G. (2007). Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a textile azo dye processing plant effluent that impacts a drinking water source. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 626, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.002.
Alves, J. L., Zanini, A. E., de Souza, M. E., & Nascimento, M. L. F. (2016). Study of selection and purification of Brazilian bentonite clays by elutriation: an XRF, SEM and Rietveld analysis. Cerâmica, 62, 01–08.
Amin, N. K. (2008). Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination, 223(1–3), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.203.
Araújo, C., Almeida, I., Rezende, H., Marcionilio, S., Léon, J., & de Matos, T. (2018). Elucidation of mechanism involved in adsorption of Pb(II) onto lobeira fruit (Solanum lycocarpum) using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. Microchemical Journal, 137, 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.11.009.
Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A. N., & Wankasi, D. (2017). Modelling and interpretation of adsorption isotherms. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 3039817. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3039817.
Benkhaya, S., M'rabet, S., & El Harfia, A. (2020). A review on classifications, recent synthesis and applications of textile dyes. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 115, 107891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107891.
Berkani, M., Bouhelassa, M., & Bouchareb, M. K. (2019). Implementation of a venturi photocatalytic reactor: Optimization of photodecolorization of an industrial azo dye. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12, 3054–3063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.004.
Bouatay, F., Dridi-Dhaouadi, S., Drira, N., & Mhenni, M. F. (2016). Application of modified clays as an adsorbent for the removal of Basic Red 46 and Reactive Yellow 181 from aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 13561–13572. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1061953.
Boudechiche, N., Fares, M., Ouyahia, S., Yazid, H., Trari, M., & Sadaoui, Z. (2019). Comparative study on removal of two basic dyes in aqueous medium by adsorption using activated carbon from Ziziphus lotus stones. Microchemical Journal, 146, 1010–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.010.
Brigatti, M. F., Galán, E., & Theng, B. K. G. (2013). Structure and mineralogy of clay minerals. In F. Bergaya & G. Lagaly (Eds.), Handbook of clay science (Vol. 5, 2nd ed., pp. 21–81). Oxford: Elsevier.
Byberg, R., Cobb, J., Diez Martin, L., Thompson, R. W., Camesano, T. A., Zahraa, O., et al. (2013). Comparison of photocatalytic degradation of dyes in relation to their structure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 3570–3581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1551-y.
Carretero, M. I., Gomes, C. S. F., & Tateo, F. (2013). Clays, drugs, and human health. In F. Bergaya & G. Lagaly (Eds.), Handbook of Clay Science (Vol. 5, 2nd ed., pp. 711–764). Oxford: Elsevier.
Carriazo, J. G., Molina, R., & Moreno, S. (2007). Structural and textural characterization of a Colombian bentonite. Revista Colombiana de Química, 36, 213–225.
Carriazo, J. G., Moreno-Forero, M., Molina, R., & Moreno, S. (2010). Incorporation of titanium and titanium–iron species inside a smectite-type mineral for photocatalysis. Applied Clay Science, 50, 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.007.
Choo, K. Y., & Bai, K. (2016). The effect of the mineralogical composition of various bentonites on CEC values determined by three different analytical methods. Applied Clay Science, 126, 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.03.010.
Chowdhury, S., & Das (Saha), P. (2011). Mechanistic, kinetic, and thermodynamic evaluation of adsorption of hazardous malachite green onto conch shell powder. Separation Science and Technology, 46(12), 1966–1976. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.584930.
Chung, K.-T. (2016). Azo dyes and human health: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 34, 233–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1236602.
Deniz, F., & Karaman, S. (2011). Removal of Basic Red 46 dye from aqueous solution by pine tree leaves. Chemical Engineering Journal, 170, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.029.
Doltabadi, M., Alidadi, H., & Davoudi, M. (2016). Comparative study of cationic and anionic dye removal from aqueous solutions using sawdust-based adsorbent. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 35(4), 1078–1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12334.
Dor, M., Levi-Kalisman, Y., Day-Stirrat, R. J., Mishael, Y., & Emmanuel, S. (2020). Assembly of clay mineral platelets, tactoids, and aggregates: Effect of mineral structure and solution salinity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 566, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.084.
Drumond-Chequer, F. M., Dorta, D. J., & Palma de Oliveira, D. (2011). Azo dyes and their metabolites: does the discharge of the azo dye into water bodies represent human and ecological risks? In P. Hauser (Ed.), Advances in treating textile effluent (pp. 27–48). Rijeka: IntechOpen.
Elhadj, M., Samira, A., Mohamed, T., Djawad, F., Asma, A., & Djamel, N. (2020). Removal of Basic Red 46 dye from aqueous solution by adsorption and photocatalysis: equilibrium, isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. Separation Science and Technology, 55, 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1577896.
Ertugay, N., & Malkoc, E. (2014). Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies for methylene blue from aqueous solution by needles of pinus sylvestris L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(6), 1995–2006.
Ghaly, A. E., Ananthashankar, R., Alhattab, M., & Ramakrishnan, V. V. (2014). Production, characterization and treatment of textile effluents: a critical review. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 5(1), 1000182. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000182.
Gözmen, B., Turabik, M., & Hesenov, A. (2009). Photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red 46 and Basic Yellow 28 in single and binary mixture by UV/TiO2/periodate system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1487–1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.075.
Graba, Z., Hamoudi, S., Bekka, D., Bezzi, N., & Boukherroub, R. (2015). Influence of adsorption parameters of basic red dye 46 by the rough and treated Algerian natural phosphates. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 25, 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.039.
Gupta, V. K., & Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2313–2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017.
Gupta, V. K., Jain, R., & Varshney, S. (2007). Removal of Reactofix golden yellow 3 RFN from aqueous solution using wheat husk-an agricultural waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142(1–2), 443–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.048.
Hu, Q. H., Qiao, S. Z., Haghseresht, F., Wilson, M. A., & Lu, G. Q. (2006). Adsorption study for removal of Basic Red Dye using bentonite. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45(2), 733–738. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050889y.
Jaafarzadeh, N., Takdastan, A., Jorfi, S., Ghanbari, F., Ahmadi, M., & Barzegar, G. (2018). The performance study on ultrasonic/Fe3O4/H2O2 for degradation of azo dye and real textile wastewater treatment. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 256, 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.047.
Jönsson, B., Labbez, C., & Cabane, B. (2008). Interaction of nanometric clay platelets. Langmuir, 24, 11406–11413. https://doi.org/10.1021/la801118v.
Karadag, D., Akgul, E., Tok, S., Erturk, F., Kaya, M. A., & Turan, M. (2007). Basic and reactive dyes removal using natural and modified zeolites. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 52(6), 2436–2441. https://doi.org/10.1021/je7003726.
Karim, A. B., Mounir, B., Hachkar, M., Bakasse, M., & Yaacoubi, A. (2009). Removal of Basic Red 46 dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto Moroccan clay. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168(1), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.028.
Khalighi Sheshdeh, R., Khosravi Nikou, M. R., Badii, K., Yousefi Limaee, N., & Golkarnarenji, G. (2014). Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of Basic Red 46 on nickel oxide nanoparticles-modified diatomite in aqueous solutions. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 45(4), 1792–1802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.02.020.
Khan, S., & Malik, A. (2014). Environmental and health effects of textile industry wastewater. In A. Malik, E. Grohmann, & R. Akhtar (Eds.), Environmental deterioration and human health (pp. 55–71). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0_4.
Khataee, A. R., & Habibi, B. (2010). Photochemical oxidative decolorization of C. I. basic red 46 by UV/H2O2 process: Optimization using response surface methodology and kinetic modeling. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1073.
Khelif, K., Salem, Z., & Boumehdi, L. (2016). Dye removal by incineration residues of pharmaceutical wastes in aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 6063–6071. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1010229.
Konicki, W., Hełminiak, A., Arabczyk, W., & Mijowska, E. (2018). Adsorption of cationic dyes onto Fe@graphitecore–shell magnetic nanocomposite: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 129, 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.004.
Lagaly, G., & Dékány, I. (2013). Colloid clay science. In F. Bergaya & G. Lagaly (Eds.), Handbook of clay science (Vol. 5, 2nd ed., pp. 243–345). Oxford: Elsevier.
Lau, Y.-Y., Wong, Y.-S., Teng, T.-T., Morad, N., Rafatullah, M., & Ong, S.-A. (2014). Coagulation-flocculation of azo dye acid Orange 7 with green refined laterite soil. Chemical Engineering Journal, 246, 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.100.
Limousin, G., Gaudet, J.-P., Charlet, L., Szenknect, S., Barthes, V., & Krimissa, M. (2007). Sorption isotherms: a review on physical bases, modeling and measurement. Applied Geochemistry, 22(2), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.09.010.
Mahmoud, M. E., Nabil, G. M., El-Mallah, N. A., & Karar, S. B. (2015). Improved removal and decolorization of C.I. anionic reactive yellow 145 A dye from water in a wide pH range via active carbon adsorbent-loaded-cationic surfactant. Desalination and Water Treatment, 55, 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.913265.
Mahmoud, M. E., Nabil, G. M., El-Mallah, N. M., Bassiouny, H. I., Kumar, S., & Abdel-Fattah, T. M. (2016). Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of reactive red 195 A dye from water by modified Switchgrass Biochar adsorbent. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 37, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.020.
Maisanaba, S., Pichardo, S., Puerto, M., Gutiérrez-Praena, D., Cameán, A. M., & Jos, A. (2015). Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. Environmental Research, 138, 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024.
Mani, S., Chowdhary, P., & Bharagava, R. N. (2019). Textile wastewater dyes: toxicity profile and treatment approaches. In R. N. Bharagava & P. Chowdhary (Eds.), Emerging and eco-friendly approaches for waste management (pp. 219–244). Gateway East: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-4_11.
Martin, M. J., Artola, A., Balaguer, M. D., & Rigola, M. (2003). Activated carbons developed from surplus sewage sludge for the removal of dyes from dilute aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 94(3), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(03)00054-8.
Miladinova, P. M., Vaseva, R. K., & Lukanova, V. R. (2015). Synthesis and investigation of some acid azo dyes for wool. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallur, 50, 20–25.
Moradi, O. (2013). Adsorption behavior of Basic Red 46 by single-walled carbon nanotubes surfaces. Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures, 21(4), 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383X.2011.572317.
Natarajan, S., Bajaj, H. C., & Tayade, R. J. (2018). Recent advances based on the synergetic effect of adsorption for removal of dyes from wastewater using photocatalytic process. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 65, 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.011.
Nikfar, S., & Jaberidoost, M. (2014). Dyes and colorants. Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2, 252–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00602-3.
Olgun, A., & Atar, N. (2009). Equilibrium and kinetic adsorption study of Basic Yellow 28 and Basic Red 46 by a boron industry waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.064.
Puvaneswari, N., Muthuskrishnan, J., & Gunasekaran, P. (2006). Toxicity assessment and microbial degradation of azo dyes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44, 618–626.
Qiu, H., Lv, L., Pan, V.-c., Zhang, Q.-j., Zhang, W.-m., & Zhang, Q.-x. (2009). Critical review in adsorption kinetic models. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 10, 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A0820524.
Rosu, M. C., Coros, M., Pogacean, F., Magerusan, L., Socaci, C., Turza, A., et al. (2017). Azo dyes degradation using TiO2-Pt/graphene oxide and TiO2-Pt/reduced graphene oxide photocatalysts under UV and natural sunlight irradiation. Solid State Sciences, 70, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2017.05.013.
Samsami, S., Mohamadi, M., Sarrafzadeh, M.-H., Rene, E. R., & Firoozbahr, M. (2020). Recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater from textile industries: overview and perspectives. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 143, 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.05.034.
Şans, B. E., Güven, O., Esenli, F., & Çelik, M. S. (2017). Contribution of cations and layer charges in the smectite structure on zeta potential of Ca-bentonites. Applied Clay Science, 143, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.04.016.
Santos, S. C. R., & Boaventura, R. A. R. (2016). Adsorption of cationic and anionic azo dyes on sepiolite clay: equilibrium and kinetic studies in batch mode. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(2), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.02.009.
Sarma, G. K., Sen Gupta, S., & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2019). Removal of hazardous basic dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto kaolinite and acid-treated kaolinite: kinetics, isotherm and mechanistic study. SN Applied Sciences, 1, 211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0216-y.
Shoushtarian, F., Moghaddam, M. R. A., & Kowsari, E. (2020). Efficient regeneration/reuse of graphene oxide as a nanoadsorbent for removing basic Red 46 from aqueous solutions. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 312, 113386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113386.
Silva, L. S., Silva, M. S., Ferreira, F. J. L., Lima, L.-C. B., Bezerra, R. D. S., Citó, A. M. G. L., et al. (2018). Effective removal of the Remazol Yellow GR dye using cellulose functionalized by basic groups. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 229, 218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3864-4.
Singh, K., & Arora, S. (2011). Removal of synthetic textile dyes from wastewaters: a critical review on present treatment technologies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 807–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380903218376.
Stanković, N., Logar, M., Luković, J., Pantić, J., Miljević, M., Babić, B., et al. (2011). Characterization of bentonite clay from “Greda” deposit. Processing and Application of Ceramics, 5, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAC1102097S.
Tan, K. L., & Hameed, B. H. (2017). Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 74, 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024.
Thommes, M., Kaneko, K., Neimark, A. V., Olivier, J. P., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Rouquerol, J., et al. (2015). Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC technical report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 87, 1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117.
Torres-Luna, J. A., & Carriazo, J. G. (2019). Porous aluminosilicic solids obtained by thermal-acid modification of a commercial kaolinite-type natural clay. Solid State Sciences, 88, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2018.12.006.
Torres-Luna, J. A., Carriazo, J. G., & Sanabria, N. R. (2016). Delaminated montmorillonite with iron(III)-TiO2 species as a photocatalyst for removal of a textile azo-dye from aqueous solution. Environmental Technology, 37, 1346–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1114031.
Torres-Luna, J. A., Giraldo-Gómez, G. I., Sanabria-González, N. R., & Carriazo, J. G. (2019). Catalytic degradation of real-textile azo-dyes in aqueous solutions by using Cu–Co/halloysite. Bulletin of Materials Science, 42, 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1817-1.
Tran, H. N., You, S.-J., Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A., & Chao, H.-P. (2017). Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Water Research, 120, 88–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.014.
Turabik, M. (2008). Adsorption of basic dyes from single and binary component systems onto bentonite: Simultaneous analysis of Basic Red 46 and Basic Yellow 28 by first order derivative spectrophotometric analysis method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158, 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.033.
Wang, X., Ufer, K., & Kleeberg, R. (2018). Routine investigation of structural parameters of dioctahedral smectites by the Rietveld method. Applied Clay Science, 163, 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.07.011.
Xiao, H., Zhao, T., Li, C.-H., & Li, M.-Y. (2017). Eco-friendly approaches for dyeing multiple type of fabrics with cationic reactive dyes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1499–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.174.
Yeddou Mezenner, N., Hamadi, A., Kaddour, S., Bensaadi, Z., & Bensmaili, A. (2013). Biosorption behavior of Basic Red 46 and Violet 3 by dead Pleurotus mutilus from single- and multicomponent systems. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 965041. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/965041.
Zaharia, C., & Suteu, D. (2012). Textile organic dyes – characteristics, polluting effects and separation/elimination procedures from industrial effluents – a critical overview. In T. Puzyn (Ed.), Organic pollutants ten years after the Stockholm convention – environmental and analytical update (pp. 55–86). Rijeka: IntechOpen.
Ziólkowska, D., Shyichuk, A., Karwasz, I., & Witkowska, M. (2009). Adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes onto commercial kaolin. Adsorption Science & Technology, 27, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361709789625306.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Universidad Nacional de Colombia for supplying the resources for this scientific research. This work was carried out in the Lab-DRES, Laboratorio de Diseño y Reactividad de Estructuras Sólidas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Bogotá.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Laura Camila Paredes Quevedo
Investigation, Methodology
Catalina González Caicedo
Investigation, methodology, formal analysis
Juan A. Torres Luna
Validation, data curation
José G. Carriazo
Conceptualization, supervision, project administration, writing - original draft, visualization
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paredes-Quevedo, L.C., González-Caicedo, C., Torres-Luna, J.A. et al. Removal of a Textile Azo-Dye (Basic Red 46) in Water by Efficient Adsorption on a Natural Clay. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04968-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04968-2