Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) can potentially trigger hormonal imbalances and affect aquatic species when discharged untreated into the ecosystems. This study explored the influencing factors, mechanism, and pathways of BPA degradation process in aqueous solution applying strong ionization discharge (SID) method. The results elaborate that 99.5% degradation rate was achieved in 60 min when 15 mg L−1 BPA solution was treated applying 3.74 kW of input power. Weak alkaline conditions were favorable to BPA removal in SID system. In addition, the inhibition of radical scavengers on the SID process laterally verified the presence of hydroxyl radicals (HO·) in the oxidation process besides ozone (O3). What is more, the addition of 15 mg L−1 sodium percarbonate (SPC) can improve 6.93% degradation rate of 30 mg L−1 BPA based on the SID system. Furthermore, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis were conducted to measure the capacity of SID system for BPA treatment. The molecular analysis via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) showed that a portion of the intermediates in BPA degradation process were characterized by 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, o-xylene, p-xylene, and propane-1,2,3-triol, etc., which were ultimately mineralized into CO2 and H2O. Based on the above analysis, the SID oxidation mechanism and pathways were proposed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akishev, Y., Grushin, M., Karalnik, V., Kochetov, I., Napartovich, A., & Trushkin, N. (2010). Generation of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma by diffusive and constricted discharges in air and nitrogen at the rest and flow. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 257, 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/257/1/012014.
Beltran, F. J., Ovejero, G., Encinar, J. M., & Rivas, J. (1995). Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. 1. Ozonation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(5), 1596–1606. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00044a012.
Biard, P.-F., Couvert, A., & Renner, C. (2017). Intensification of volatile organic compound absorption in a compact wet scrubber at co-current flow. Chemosphere, 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.075.
Calafat, A., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J., Caudill, S., Ekong, J., & Needham, L. (2005). Urinary concentrations of bisphenol a and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7534.
Casbeer, E., Sharma, V., & Li, X.-z. (2012). Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ferrites under visible light: A review. Separation and Purification Technology, 87, 1? 14, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.034.
Cui, X. M. (2017). Supply and demand status of bisphenol at home and abroad and its development prospect. Techno-Economics in Petrochemicals, 33(4), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-1099.2017.04.005.
Du, C., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Zhang, C., Li, H., & Xiong, Y. (2010). Degradation of acid Orange 7 by gliding arc discharge plasma in combination with advanced Fenton catalysis. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 30, 855–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-010-9249-0.
Felis, E., Ledakowicz, S., & Miller, J. (2011). Degradation of bisphenol A using UV and UV/H2O2 processes. Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation, 83, 2154–2158.
Fu, X., Gu, X., Lu, S., Xu, M., Miao, Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2016). Enhanced degradation of benzene in aqueous solution by sodium percarbonate activated with chelated-Fe(II). Chemical Engineering Journal, 285, 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.112.
Guo, L., Li, Z., Gao, P., Hu, H., & Gibson, M. (2015). Ecological risk assessment of bisphenol A in surface waters of China based on both traditional and reproductive endpoints. Chemosphere, 139, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.001.
Guo, H., Jiang, N., Li, J., & Wu, Y. (2018). Synergistic degradation of bisphenol A by pulsed discharge plasma with granular activated carbon: Effect of operating parameters, synergistic mechanism and possible degradation pathway. Vacuum, 156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.07.044.
He, X., Aker, W. G., Pelaez, M., Lin, Y., Dionysiou, D. D., & Hwang, H.-m. (2016). Assessment of nitrogen–fluorine-codoped TiO2 under visible light for degradation of BPA: Implication for field remediation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 314, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.08.014.
Hou, M., Chu, Y., Li, X., Wang, H., Yao, W., Yu, G., et al. (2016). Electro-peroxone degradation of diethyl phthalate: Cathode selection, operational parameters, and degradation mechanisms. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 319, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.054.
Huang, W., Luo, M., Wei, C., Wang, Y., Hanna, K., & Mailhot, G. (2017). Enhanced heterogeneous photo-Fenton process modified by magnetite and EDDS: BPA degradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8728-8.
Jalal, N., Surendranath, A. R., Pathak, J., Yu, S., & Chung, C. (2017). Bisphenol A (BPA) the mighty and the mutagenic. Toxicology Reports, 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.013.
Kosky, P., Silva, J., & Guggenheim, E. (1991). Aqueous phase in the interfacial synthesis of polycarbonates. 1. Ionic equilibria and experimental solubilities in the BPA-NaOH-H2O system. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research - IND ENG CHEM RES, 30, doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00051a005.
Lee, I., Kim, K.-T., Kim, S., Park, S., Lee, H., Jeong, Y., et al. (2018). Bisphenol A exposure through receipt handling and its association with insulin resistance among female cashiers. Environment International, 117, 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.013.
Li, C., Li, X.-z., Graham, N., & Gao, N.-Y. (2008). The aqueous degradation of bisphenol A and steroid estrogens by ferrate. Water Research, 42, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.023.
Li, Y., Yi, R., Yi, C., Zhou, B., & Wang, H. (2017). Research on the degradation mechanism of pyridine in drinking water by dielectric barrier discharge. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 53, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.05.008.
Liao, C.-H., & Gurol, M. (1995). Chemical oxidation by photolytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 3007–3014. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00012a018.
Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Li, G., Li, W., & Gao, X. (2015). Catalytic ozonation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution using Mn-Ce/HZSM-5 as catalyst. Water Science & Technology, 72, 696. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.258.
Molkenthin, M., Olmez-Hanci, T., Jekel, M., & Arslan-Alaton, I. (2013). Photo-Fenton-like treatment of BPA: Effect of UV light source and water matrix on toxicity and transformation products. Water Research, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.051.
Nakashima, K., Ebi, Y., Kubo, M., Shibasaki-Kitakawa, N., & Yonemoto, T. (2015). Pretreatment combining ultrasound and sodium percarbonate under mild conditions for efficient degradation of corn stover. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.10.017.
Nguyen, T. B., Huang, C. P., & Doong, R. A. (2019). Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A over a ZnFe2O4/TiO2 nanocomposite under visible light. Sci Total Environ, 646, 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.352.
Sahni, M., & Locke, B. R. (2006). Degradation of chemical warfare agent simulants using gas-liquid pulsed streamer discharges. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2), 1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.029.
Sharma, V. (2002). Potassium ferrate(VI): An environmentally friendly oxidant. Advances in Environmental Research, 6, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00119-8.
Sharma, J., Mishra, I., & Kumar, V. (2015). Degradation and mineralization of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution using advanced oxidation processes: UV/H2O2 and UV / S 2 O 8 2 ? oxidation systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 156, 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.048.
Shiyan, L., Zherlitsyn, A., Magomadova, S., & Lazar, C. (2016). Study of the mechanism of interaction of microwave plasma discharge with solutions of organic substances. Key Engineering Materials, 685, 657–661. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.685.657.
Song, P., Zhang, W., Chen, L., Wang, X., & Long, W. (2019). Experimental study on ionization characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge with different electrode structures. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi/Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 39(2), 410–414. https://doi.org/10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2019)02-0410-05.
Staehelin, J., & Hoigne, J. (1982). Decomposition of ozone in water: Rate of initiation by hydroxide ions and hydrogen peroxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 16(10), 676–681. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00104a009.
Takaki, K., Hatanaka, Y., Arima, K., Mukaigawa, S., & Fujiwara, T. (2008). Influence of electrode configuration on ozone synthesis and microdischarge property in dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Vacuum, 83, 128–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.03.047.
Tang, S., Yuan, D., Rao, Y., Li, M., Shi, G., Gu, J., et al. (2019). Percarbonate promoted antibiotic decomposition in dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 366, 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.056.
Tao, H., Hao, S., Chang, F., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Cai, X., et al. (2011a). Photodegradation of bisphenol a by Titana nanoparticles in mesoporous MCM-41. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214, 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0440-y.
Tao, X., Bai, M., Long, H., Shang, S., Yin, Y., & Dai, X. (2011b). CH4-CO2 reforming by plasma - challenges and opportunities. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.05.001.
Umar, M., Roddick, F., Fan, L., & Aziz, H. A. (2012). Application of ozone for the removal of bisphenol Afrom water and wastewater - a review. Chemosphere, 90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.090.
Wang, J., & Xu, L. E. (2012). Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: Formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 251–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.507698.
Wang, L., Jiang, X., & Liu, Y. (2007). Efficient degradation of nitrobenzene induced by glow discharge plasma in aqueous solution. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 27, 504–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-007-9084-0.
Wang, T., Qu, G., Ren, J., Sun, Q., Liang, D., & Hu, S. (2016). Organic acids enhanced decoloration of azo dye in gas phase surface discharge plasma system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 302, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.051.
Yan, P., Sui, Q., Lu, S., & Qiu, Z. (2018). Removal of sulfamethoxazole by ferrous-activated sodium percarbonate in the aqueous phase. Huagong Jinzhan/Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 37(9), 3635–3639. https://doi.org/10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-2567.
Zhang, Y., Bai, M., Chen, C., Meng, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, N., et al. (2013). ·OH treatment for killing of harmful organisms in ship’s ballast water with medium salinity based on strong ionization discharge. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 33(4), 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-013-9464-6.
Zhao, H., Yi, C., Yi, R., Wang, H., Yin, L., Muhammad, I. N., et al. (2018). Research on the degradation mechanism of dimethyl phthalate in drinking water by strong ionization discharge. Plasma Science and Technology, 20(3), 035503. https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/aa97d1.
Zhou, C., Gao, N.-Y., Deng, Y., Chu, W., Rong, W., & Zhou, S. (2012). Factors affecting UV irradiation/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) degradation of mixed N-nitrosamines in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 231-232, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.032.
Zia, J., Ajeer, M., & Riaz, U. (2019). Visible-light driven photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol-A using ultrasonically synthesized polypyrrole/K-birnessite nanohybrids: Experimental and DFT studies. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 79, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.021.
Funding
This research was supported by the Science and Technology Support Project Plan and Social Development of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BE2011732) and the Science and Technology Support Project Plan and Social Development of Zhenjiang city, China (Grant No. SH2012013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geng, T., Yi, C., Yi, R. et al. Mechanism and Degradation Pathways of Bisphenol A in Aqueous Solution by Strong Ionization Discharge. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 185 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04563-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04563-5