Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a representative sulfonamide antibiotic, has been identified as a new kind of persistent pollutant with property of hard biodegradation and hydrolyzation. Conventional methods cannot remove it well. In this study, the performances and mechanisms for SMX degradation were examined by persulfate (PS) activation with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) at various conditions including dosages of nZVI and PS, pH value, and initial SMX concentration. Results showed that about 88.4% SMX (10 mg/L) was removed by nZVI/PS system (0.10 g/L nZVI, 1.0 mM PS) within 120 min compared to 63.1% by nZVI alone system under room temperature. Lower initial SMX concentration and higher PS concentration were beneficial to the degradation of SMX, while pH (from 3.11 to 9.33) and nZVI dosage (from 0.05 to 0.30 g/L) had little effect. Radical quenching experiment and electron spin resonance test demonstrated that the degradation of SMX was attributed to sulfate radicals (SO4·−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) produced in this system. SMX reduction reaction by nZVI in nZVI/PS process was proved by reductive-oxidative degradation experiment and HPLC test, and the reduction product could be oxidized by SO4·− and ∙OH to other products even to H2O and CO2. Further, probable removal mechanisms have also been proposed. This study manifests that nZVI/PS system is effective for SMX removal and may provide some ideas for understanding the transformation process of antibiotic in iron-based advanced oxidation processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold, S. M., Hickey, W. J., & Harris, R. F. (1995). Degradation of atrazine by Fenton’s reagent: condition optimization and product quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 2083–2089.
Chen, H., Luo, H. J., Lan, Y. C., Dong, T. T., Hu, B. J., & Wang, Y. P. (2011a). Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30) modified nanoscale zero valent iron. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 192, 44–53.
Chen, J. H., Qiu, X. Q., Fang, Z. Q., Yang, M., Pokeung, T., Gu, F. L., Cheng, W., & Lan, B. Y. (2012). Removal mechanism of antibiotic metronidazole from aquatic solutions by using nanoscale zero-valent iron particles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 181-182, 113–119.
Chen, L. W., Ma, J., Li, X. C., Zhang, J., Fang, J. Y., Guan, Y. H., & Xie, P. C. (2011b). Strong enhancement on fenton oxidation by addition of hydroxylamine to accelerate the ferric and ferrous iron cycles. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 3925–3930.
Deng, J., Shao, Y., Gao, N., Deng, Y., Tan, C., & Zhou, S. (2014). Zero-valent iron/persulfate(Fe0/PS) oxidation acetaminophen in water. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11, 881–890.
Deng, J. M., Dong, H. R., Zhang, C., Jiang, C., Cheng, Y. J., Hou, K. J., Zhang, L. H., & Fan, C. Z. (2018). Nanoscale zero-valent iron/biochar composite as an activator for Fenton-like removal of sulfamethazine. Separation and Purification Technology, 202, 130–137.
Diao, Z. H., Xu, X. R., Jiang, D., Kong, L. J., Sun, Y. X., Hu, Y. X., Hao, Q. W., & Chen, H. (2016). Bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron/persulfate system for the simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and phenol from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 302, 213–222.
Dong, H. R., Deng, J. M., Xie, Y. K., Zhang, C., Jiang, Z., Cheng, Y. J., Hou, K. J., & Zeng, G. M. (2017a). Stabilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 332, 79–86.
Dong, H. R., He, Q., Zeng, G. M., Tang, L., Zhang, L. H., Xie, Y. K., Zeng, Y. L., & Zhao, F. (2017b). Degradation of trichloroethene by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and nZVI activated persulfate in the absence and presence of EDTA. Chemical Engineering Journal, 316, 410–418.
Dong, H. R., Zhang, C., Hou, K. J., Cheng, Y. J., Deng, J. M., Jiang, C., Tang, L., & Zeng, G. M. (2017c). Removal of trichloroethylene by biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 188, 188–196.
Fang, Z. Q., Chen, J. H., Qiu, X. H., Qiu, X. Q., Cheng, W., & Zhu, L. C. (2011). Effective removal of antibiotic metronidazole from water by nanoscale zero-valent iron particles. Desalination, 268, 60–67.
Ghauch, A., Ayoub, G., & Naim, S. (2013). Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by persulfate assisted micrometric Fe0 in aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 1168–1181.
Hussain, I., Li, M. Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Li, Y. C., Huang, S. B., Du, X. D., Liu, G. Q., Hayat, W., & Anwar, N. (2017). Insights into the mechanism of persulfate activation with nZVI/BC nanocomposite for the degradation of nonylphenol. Chemical Engineering Journal, 311, 163–172.
Hussain, I., Zhang, Y. Q., & Huang, S. B. (2013). Degradation of aniline with zero-valent iron as an activator of persulfate in aqueous solution. RSC Advances, 4, 3502–3511.
Ji, Y. F., Ferronato, C., Salvador, A., Yang, X., & Chovelon, J. M. (2014). Degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole by ferrous-activated persulfate: Implications for remediation of groundwater contaminated by antibiotics. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 800–808.
Karim, S., Bae, S., Greenwood, D., Hanna, K., & Singhal, N. (2017). Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by nano zero valent iron under different pH and dissolved oxygen levels. Water Research, 125, 32–41.
Kim, C., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, T. Y., Shin, W. S., & Hwang, I. (2018). Activation of persulfate by nanosized zero-valent iron (NZVI): mechanisms and transformation products of NZVI. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 3625–3633.
Li, A. L., Wu, Z. H., Wang, T. T., Hou, S. D., Huang, B. J., Kong, X. J., Li, X. C., Guan, Y. H., Qiu, R. L., & Fang, J. Y. (2018). Kinetics and mechanisms of the degradation of PPCPs by zero-valent iron (Fe°) activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system in groundwater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 357, 207–216.
Li, H. X., Wan, J. Q., Ma, Y. W., Yan, W., & Huang, M. Z. (2014). Influence of particle size of zero-valent iron and dissolved silica on the reactivity of activated persulfate for degradation of acid orange 7. Chemical Engineering Journal, 237, 487–496.
Liang, C. J., Huang, C. F., Mohanty, N., & Kurakalva, R. M. (2008). A rapid spectrophotometric determination of persulfate anion in ISCO. Chemosphere, 73, 1540–1543.
Lin, C. C., & Chen, Y. H. (2018). Feasibility of using nanoscale zero-valent iron and persulfate to degrade sulfamethazine in aqueous solutions. Separation and Purification Technology, 194, 388–395.
Magureanu, M., Piroi, D., Mandache, N. B., David, V., Medvedovici, A., Bradu, C., & Parvulescu, V. I. (2011). Degradation of antibiotics in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. Water Research, 45, 3407–3416.
Matzek, L. W., & Carter, K. E. (2016). Activated persulfate for organic chemical degradation: a review. Chemosphere, 151, 178–188.
Mohatt, J. L., Hu, L. H., Finneran, K. T., & Strathmann, T. J. (2011). Microbially mediated abiotic transformation of the antimicrobial agent sulfamethoxazole under iron-reducing soil conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 4793–4801.
Moon, B. H., Park, Y. B., & Park, K. H. (2011). Fenton oxidation of Orange II by pre-reduction using nanoscale zero-valent iron. Desalination, 268, 249–252.
Oh, W. D., Dong, Z. L., & Lim, T. T. (2016). Generation of sulfate radical through heterogeneous catalysis for organic contaminants removal: current development, challenges and prospects. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 194, 169–201.
Qi, C. D., Yu, G., Huang, J., Wang, B., Wang, Y. J., & Deng, S. B. (2018). Activation of persulfate by modified drinking water treatment residuals for sulfamethoxazole degradation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 353, 490–498.
Shimabuku, K. K., Kearns, J. P., Martinez, J. E., Mahoney, R. B., Moreno-Vasquez, L., & Summers, R. S. (2016). Biochar sorbents for sulfamethoxazole removal from surface water, stormwater, and wastewater effluent. Water Research, 96, 236–245.
Tang, J., & Wang, J. (2018). Fenton-like degradation of sulfamethoxazole using Fe-based magnetic nanoparticles embedded into mesoporous carbon hybrid as an efficient catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 351, 1085–1094.
Waldemer, R. H., Tratnyek, P. G., Johnson, R. L., & Nurmi, J. T. (2007). Oxidation of chlorinated ethenes by heat-activated persulfate: kinetics and products. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 1010–1015.
Wang, Q. L., Snyder, S., Kim, J., & Choi, H. (2009). Aqueous ethanol modified nanoscale zerovalent iron in bromate reduction: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 3292–3299.
Wang, S. L., & Zhou, N. (2016). Removal of carbamazepine from aqueous solution using sono-activated persulfate process. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 29, 156–162.
Wang, W. J., Xu, P., Chen, M., Zeng, G. M., Zhang, C., Zhou, C. Y., Yang, Y., Huang, D. L., Lai, C., & Cheng, M. (2018). Alkali metal assisted synthesis of graphite carbon nitride with tunable band-gap for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 15503–15516.
Wu, S. H., He, H. J., Xiang, L., Yang, C. P., Zeng, G. M., Wu, B., & He, S. Y.&Lu, L. (2018). Insights into atrazine degradation by persulfate activation using composite of nanoscale zero-valent iron and graphene: performances and mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Journal, 341, 126–136.
Xu, L. J., & Wang, J. L. (2011). A heterogeneous Fenton-like system with nanoparticulate zero-valent iron for removal of 4-chloro-3-methyl phenol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186, 256–264.
Xue, W. J., Huang, D. L., Zeng, G. M., Wan, J., Cheng, M., Zhang, C., & Hu, C. J.&Li, J. (2018a). Performance and toxicity assessment of nanoscale zero valent iron particles in the remediation of contaminated soil: a review. Chemosphere, 210, 1145–1156.
Xue, W. J., Huang, D. L., Zeng, G. M., Wan, J., Zhang, C., Xu, R., Cheng, M., & Deng, R. (2018b). Nanoscale zero-valent iron coated with rhamnolipid as an effective stabilizer for immobilization of Cd and Pb in river sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 341, 381–389.
Yang, Y., Lu, X. L., Jiang, J., Ma, J., Liu, G. Q., Cao, Y., Liu, W. L., Li, J., Pang, S. Y., & Kong, X. J.&luo, C. W. (2017). Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by UV, UV/H2O2 and UV/persulfate (PDS): Formation of oxidation products and effect of bicarbonate. Water Research, 118, 196–207.
Zhang, S. H., Wu, M. F., Tang, T. T., Xing, Q. J., Peng, C. Q., Li, F., Liu, H., Luo, X. B., Zou, J. P., Min, X. B., & Luo, J. M. (2018). Mechanism investigation of anoxic Cr(VI) removal by nano zero-valent iron based on XPS analysis in time scale. Chemical Engineering Journal, 335, 945–953.
Zhao, D., Liao, X. Y., Yan, X. L., Huling, S. G., Chai, T. Y., & Tao, H. (2013). Effect and mechanism of persulfate activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 254-255, 228–235.
Zhu, C. Y., Fang, G. D., Dionysiou, D. D., Liu, C., Gao, J., Qin, W. X., & Zhou, D. M. (2016). Efficient transformation of DDTs with persulfate activation by zero-valent Iron nanoparticles: a mechanistic study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 316, 232–241.
Funding
This research was financially supported by the Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan Province (No. 2018SK2047).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Du, L., Xu, W., Liu, Y. et al. Removal of Sulfamethoxazole in Aqueous Solutions by Iron-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes: Performances and Mechanisms. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04534-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04534-w