Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Water by Virgin Coniferous Wood Biochar Adsorbent: Batch and Column Application

Abstract

In this paper, RE-CHAR^® biochar, produced by a wood biomass pyrolysis process, which is usually applied as a soil fertilizer, was investigated for a novel use, that was as adsorbent for remediating a lead-contaminated solution. Firstly, a deep physical and chemical characterization of RE-CHAR^® biochar was carried out. Then, the adsorption capacity of lead from 50 to 100 mg/L solutions was determined under batch and continuous flow conditions. Kinetics of the batch adsorption process were very rapid and complete removal was achieved within 4-h contact time at both Pb concentrations, using a biochar dosage of 5 g/L. These data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, with the rate constant and the equilibrium capacity equal to k_s = 0.0091 g/min and q_e = 9.9957 mg/g at 50 mg/L Pb and k_s = 0.0128 g/min and q_e = 20.1462 mg/g at 100 mg/L Pb, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the equilibrium data at both Pb concentrations, with the Langmuir constant and maximum adsorption capacity equal to b = 11.5804 L/mg and q_max = 4.6116 mg/g at 50 mg/L Pb and b = 2.8933 L/mg and q_max = 9.5895 mg/g at 100 mg/L Pb. Continuous flow column tests showed that adding biochar to the soil of the adsorbent bed significantly extended the breakthrough and exhaustion times, with respect to the column filled with soil only. The Thomas model best fitted the experimental data of the breakthrough curves, with the constant k_TH = 5.28 × 10⁻⁵ mL/min/mg and the maximum adsorption capacity q₀ = 334.57 mg/g which was comparable to the values reported for commercial adsorbents. Based on these results, it can be assessed that RE-CHAR^® biochar can be used as an effective adsorbent for lead removal from water solutions even at high concentrations.