Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Surface Reaeration in Tropical Headwater Streams: the Dissolution Rate of a Soluble Floating Probe as a New Variable for Reaeration Coefficient Prediction

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The reaeration coefficient (Ka20) is one of the main indicators of dissolved O2 movement to and from aquatic systems via the atmosphere. Direct gas tracer measurements, physical models, and models of O2 dynamics have been used for Ka20 estimation, especially in temperate aquatic ecosystems, with fewer examples in their tropical counterparts. Here we investigate a less commonly employed soluble floating probe (SFP) method, based on the dissolution rate of a soluble solid (VS20) as an auxiliary variable for Ka20 estimation. Our objectives were to test the SFP method for estimating Ka20, validate such estimates through the traditional gas tracer method, and develop empirical models for Ka20 prediction using VS20 and additional physical variables. Five reaches (with lengths from 20 to 250 m) of four tropical headwater streams were selected, and their main physical, hydrological, and hydraulic variables were measured in eight sampling periods. The gas tracer (using NaCl and SF6 tracers) and the SFP (spherical format made with oxalic acid dihydrate) methods were carried out in each reach. The Ka20 values ​​ranged from 16.94 to 373.79 days− 1 and the VS20 ranged from 0.079 to 0.778 mm min− 1. We observed a significant linear relationship between Ka20 and VS20. The best model (R2 = 0.78) combined the variables depth, Froude number, and VS20. Our study highlighted that models developed for temperate aquatic systems can underestimate Ka20 in tropical streams, bringing uncertainties for modeling metabolic rates, self-depuration capacity, or any other processes that depend on reaeration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abu Hanipah, A. H., & Guo, Z. R. (2019). Reaeration caused by intense boat traffic. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 16(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW190003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agunwamba, J. C., Maduka, C. N., & Ofosaren, A. M. (2006). Analysis of pollution status of Amadi Creek and its management. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA, 55(6), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2006.036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, C. V., McHenry, J. R., & Hong, J. C. S. (1975). The influence of suspended sediments on the reaeration of uniforms streams. Water Research, 9, 695–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, R. B., Wool, T. A., & Barnwell, T. O. (2009). Development of water quality modeling in the United States. Environmental Engineering Research, 14(4), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2009.14.4.200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arora, S., & Keshari, A. K. (2017). Estimation of re-aeration coefficient using MLR for modelling water quality of rivers in urban environment. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 7, 430–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.11.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baecheler, J. V., & Lazo, O. L. (1999). Evaluation of water quality modeling parameters: Reaeration coefficient. In IAHR Congress.

  • Bansal, M. K. (1973). Atmospheric reaeration in natural streams. Water Research, 7, 769–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barros, F. M., Martinez, M. A., Matos, A. T., Cecon, P. R., & Moreira, D. A. (2011). Oxygen balance of the Turvo Sujo river site at different periods of the year. Engenharia na Agricultura, 19(1), 72–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belanger, T. V., Meyer, J. A., von Canal, M. G., & Desik, M. V. (1999). A simple field technique for accurate reaeration estimates in aquatic systems. Lake and Reservoir Management, 15(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149909354116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. P., & Rathbun, R. E. (1972). Reaeration in open-channel flow. Washington: Geological Survey Professional Paper.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, A., Zane, M., Becker, T. E., Visser, A., Uriostegui, S. H., DeRubeis, E., et al. (2014). Quantifying reaeration rates in alpine streams using deliberate gas tracer experiments. Water, 6(4), 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6041013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bicudo, J. R., & James, A. (1989). Measurement of reaeration in streams: Comparison of techniques. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 115(5), 992–1010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullister, J. L., Wisegarver, D. P., & Menzia, F. A. (2002). The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(1), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00051-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cadwallader, T. T., & MsDonel, A. J. (1969). A multivariate analysis of reaeration data. Water Research, 3, 731–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canale, R. P., Owens, E. M., Auer, M. T., & Effler, S. W. (1995). Validation of water-quality model for Seneca River, N.Y. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 121(3), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:3(241).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapra, S. C. (1997). Surface water quality modeling (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.

  • Churchill, W. E., Elmore, H. L., & Buckingham, R. A. (1962). Prediction of stream reaeration rates. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 88(4), 1–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, O. S. (1999). Contribuição à metodologia para determinação indireta do coeficiente de reaeração dos escoamentos naturais de água com emprego do método da sonda solúvel. PhD thesis. University of São Paulo. São Carlos. Brazil.

  • Costa, D. J. L., Gonçalves, J. C. S. I., Porto, R. M., & Giorgetti, M. F. (2015). Semi-empirical model for obtaining the coefficient of surface water reoxygenation in hydraulic channels. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 20(1), 16–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B. A. (2003). A review of dissolved oxygen modelling techniques for lowland rivers. The Science of the Total Environment, 314–316(03), 303–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00062-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demars, B. O. L., Thompson, J., & Manson, J. R. (2015). Stream metabolism and the open diel oxygen method: Principles, practice, and perspectives. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 13(7), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, H. L., & West, W. F. (1961). Effect of water temperature on stream reaeration: Thirty-first progress report by committee on sanitary engineering division. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 87(6), 59–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, J., Li, R., MA, Q., & Wang, L. (2014). Experimental and field study on dissipation coefficient of supersaturated total dissolved gas. Journal of Central South University, 21, 1995–2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, M. S., Oliveira, R. V., Urzêdo, L. E. S., Lopes Júnior, G. B., & Gonçalves, J. C. S. I. (2018). Estimating the mass transfer coefficient using the floating soluble probes technique: A laboratory study. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 24(2), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522019173205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., & Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti, M. F., & Giansanti, A. E. (1983). Avaliação do nível de turbulência em águas correntes e sua correlação com o coeficiente de reaeração superficial. Camboriú: Anais do XII Congresso da ABES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti, M. F., & Schulz, H. E. (1990). Sobre o método da sonda solúvel flutuante para a determinação indireta do coeficiente de reoxigenação superficial. Itapema: Anais do III Encontro Nacional de Ciências Térmicas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves, J. C. S. I., Silveira, A., Lopes Júnior, G. B., Luz, M. S., & Simões, A. L. A. (2017). Reaeration coefficient estimate: New parameter for predictive equations. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 228(8), 307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3491-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R. S. (1976). Reaeration-coefficient measurements of 10 small streams in Wisconsin using radioactive tracers : With a section on the energy-dissipation model. https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7696.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C., & Gualtieri, P. (2004). Turbulence-based models for gas transfer analysis with channel shape factor influence. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 4, 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EFMC.0000024221.82818.70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C., Gualtieri, P., & Doria, G. P. (2000). Discussion on Melching and Flores (1999): Reaeration equations Derived from U.S. Geological Survey database. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126(12), 1159–1160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1159).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C., Gualtieri, P., & Doria, G. P. (2002). Dimensional analysis of reaeration rate in streams. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/?ASCE?0733-9372?2002?128:1?12?CE.

  • Haider, H., Ali, W., & Haydar, S. (2013). Evaluation of various relationships of reaeration rate coefficient for modeling dissolved oxygen in a river with extreme flow variations in Pakistan. Hydrological Processes, 27(26), 3949–3963. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hair Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multiple Regression Analysis. In Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed., pp. 151–230). Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01517-0_3.

  • Hall, R. O., & Hotchkiss, E. R. (2017). Stream Metabolism. Methods in Stream Ecology: Third Edition (Vol. 2). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813047-6.00012-7.

  • Herlina, H., & Jirka, G. H. (2008). Experiments on gas transfer at the air-water interface induced by oscillating grid turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 594, 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112007008968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, E. M., Forbrich, I., Giblin, A. E., Lott, D. E., Cahill, K. L., & Stanley, R. H. R. (2018). Using noble gases to compare parameterizations of air-water gas exchange and to constrain oxygen losses by ebullition in a shallow aquatic environment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123(9), 2711–2726. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, J. L., Weber, N., & Gujer, W. (2004). Reaeration in sewers. Water Research, 38(5), 1089–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, W. P., & Gaudy, A. F. (1968). Atmospheric oxygenation in a simulated stream. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 94(SA2), 319–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, T. S., Schiff, S. L., & Taylor, W. D. (2013). Using stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen for the determination of gas exchange in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada. Water Research, 47(2), 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, R., Ojha, C. S. P., & Bhatia, K. K. S. (2001). Refinement a predictive reaeration equations for a typical Indian river. Hydrological Processes, 15(6), 1047–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, R., Ojha, C. S. P., & Bhatia, K. K. S. (2004). A supplementary approach for estimating reaeration rate coefficients. Hydrological Processes, 18(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, H. S., White, D. S., Ramsey, J. B., & Kipphut, G. W. (2012). Mixed tracer injection method to measure reaeration coefficients in small streams. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 223(8), 5297–5306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1280-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalburgi, P. B., Jha, R., Ojha, C. S. P., & Deshannavar, U. B. (2015). Evaluation of re-aeration equations for river Ghataprabha, Karnataka, India and development of refined equation. Environmental Technology, 36(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.937770.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, J. L. A., Osenbrück, K., & Cirpka, O. A. (2015). Impact of non-idealities in gas-tracer tests on the estimation of reaeration, respiration, and photosynthesis rates in streams. Water Research, 83, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krenkel, P. A., & Orlob, G. T. (1962). Turbulent diffusion and the reaeration rate coefficient. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 88(2), 53–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langbein, W. B., & Durum, W. H. (1967). The aeration capacity of streams. Washington. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir542.

  • Lau, Y. L. (1972). Prediction equations for reaeration in open channel flow. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 98(6), 1063–1068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorke, A., Bodmer, P., Koca, K., & Noss, C. (2019). Hydrodynamic control of gas-exchange velocity in small streams. EarthArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/8u6vc.

  • Maradei, G., Veltri, P., Morosini, A. F., & Verbeni, B. (2015). Laboratory study on the open channel flow reaeration: A dimensional approach. Urban Water Journal, 12(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.896930.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N., McEachern, P., Yu, T., & Zhu, D. Z. (2013). Model development for prediction and mitigation of dissolved oxygen sags in the Athabasca River, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melching, C. S., & Flores, H. E. (1999). Reaeration equations derived from U.S. Geological Survey database. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 125(5), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(407).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moog, D., & Jirka, G. (1998). Analysis of reaeration equations using mean multipicative error. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124(2), 104–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negulescu, M., & Rojanski, V. (1969). Recent research to determine reaeration coefficient. Water Resources, 3, 189–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuruzzaman, M., Al-Mamun, A., Salleh, M., & Bin, N. (2018). A modified laboratory approach to determine reaeration rate for river water. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(4), 2037–2051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2897-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. J., & Dobbins, W. E. (1958). Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams. Transaction of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 123(1), 641–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omole, D. O., & Longe, E. O. (2012). Re-aeration coefficient modeling: A case study of river Atuwara in Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4(10), 1237–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, S., Edwards, R. W., & Gibbs, J. W. (1964). Some reaeration studies in streams. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution, 8(819), 469–486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padden, T. J., & Gloyna, E. F. (1972). Simulation of stream processes in a model river. Austin: Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo, J. E., & Brown, L. C. (2013). Assessing the performance of reaeration prediction equations. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 140(3), 04013013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkurst, J., & Pomeroy, R. D. (1972). Oxygen absorption in streams. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 98(1), 101–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra, B. G., Rojas, L. E. P., Barrios, M., & Estrada, J. C. M. (2016). Uncertainty of discharge estimation in high-grade Andean streams. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 48, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2016.02.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz, F. M., Matos, A. T., & von Sperling, M. (2015). Estimation of reaeration coefficients of water in shallow moving-bed channel. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 20(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015020000113819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, P. A., Zappa, C. J., Butman, D., Bott, T. L., Potter, J., Mulholland, P., et al. (2012). Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers. Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, 2(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1215/21573689-1597669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, A. J., & Dodds, W. K. (2013). Whole-stream metabolism: Strategies for measuring and modeling diel trends of dissolved oxygen. Freshwater Science, 32(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1899/12-058.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, I. C. (1996). Determinação do coeficiente de reaeração superficial de um corpo d’água com o uso de sondas solúveis esféricas. PhD thesis. University of São Paulo. São Carlos. Brazil.

  • Saltarelli, W. A., Dodds, W. K., Tromboni, F., Calijuri, M. C., Neres-lima, V., Jordão, C. E., & Cunha, D. G. F. (2018). Variation of stream metabolism along a tropical environmental gradient. Journal of Limnology, 73(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2018.

  • Schulz, H. E. (1989). Investigação do mecanismo de reaeração da água em escoamento e sua correlação com o nível de turbulência junto a superfície. PhD thesis. University of São Paulo. São Carlos. Brazil.

  • Smith, R., Kaushal, S., Beaulieu, J., Pennino, M., & Welty, C. (2017). Influence of infrastructure on water quality and greenhouse gas dynamics in urban streams. Biogeosciences, 14, 2831–2849. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-380.

  • Soares, P. A., Faht, G., Pinheiro, A., da Silva, M. R., & Zucco, E. (2013). Determination of reaeration-rate coefficient by modified tracer gas technique. Hydrological Processes, 27(19), 2710–2720. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streeter, H. W., & Phelps, B. (1925). A study of the pollution and natural purification of the Illunois River. I. Surveys and laboratory studies. Public health bulletin, 146. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19290420217.

  • Thackston, E. L., & Dawson, J. W. (2001). Recalibration of a reaeration equation. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 127(4), 317–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thackston, E. L., & Krenkel, P. A. (1969). Reaeration prediction in natural streams. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 95(SA1), 65–94.

  • Thene, J. R., & Gulliver, J. S. (1990). Gas-transfer measurements using headspace analysis of propane. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 116(6), 1107–1124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thyssen, N., Erlandsen, M., Jeppesen, E., & Ursin, C. (1987). Reaeration of oxygen in shallow, macrophyte rich streams: I – Determination of the reaeration rate coefficient. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 72(4), 405–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19870720403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tromboni, F., Dodds, W. K., Neres-Lima, V., Zandona, E., & Moulton, T. P. (2017). Heterogeneity and scaling of photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen uptake in three Atlantic rainforest streams. Ecosphere, 8(9), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsivoglou, E. C., & Neal, L. A. (1976). Tracer measurement of reaeration: III. Predicting the reaeration capacity of inland streams. Water Pollution Control Federation, 48(12), 2669–2689. https://doi.org/10.2307/25040082.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsivoglou, E. C., & Wallace, J. R. (1972). Characterization of stream reaeration capacity. Whashington.

  • Tyroller, L., Rousseau, D. P. L., Santa, S., & García, J. (2010). Application of the gas tracer method for measuring oxygen transfer rates in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Water Research, 44(14), 4217–4225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.027.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. R., & Valett, H. M. (2007). Solute dynamics. In Methods in stream ecology (2nd ed., pp. 169–185). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012332908-0.50010-3.

  • Williams, R. J., & Boorman, D. B. (2012). Modelling in-stream temperature and dissolved oxygen at sub-daily time steps: An application to the river Kennet, UK. Science of the Total Environment, 423, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., & Elphick, C. S. (2010). A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2009.00001.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors were supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP; Process number: 2016/14176-1) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; Process numbers: 131505/2016-5; 300899/2016-5). The authors thank W.A. Saltarelli, N.R. Finkler and A.G. Cavallini for the valuable help in the fieldwork. Anonymous reviewers provided quite valuable comments for improving this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil

    Murilo de Souza Ferreira & Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha

  2. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil

    Carlos Eduardo Kolb Maynardes Araújo de Campos Jordão

  3. Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Avenida Dr. Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, Uberaba, MG, 38064-200, Brazil

    Julio Cesar de Souza Inácio Gonçalves

  4. Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

    Walter Kennedy Dodds

Authors
  1. Murilo de Souza Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlos Eduardo Kolb Maynardes Araújo de Campos Jordão
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Julio Cesar de Souza Inácio Gonçalves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Walter Kennedy Dodds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Murilo de Souza Ferreira.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 39 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Souza Ferreira, M., de Campos Jordão, C.E.K.M.A., de Souza Inácio Gonçalves, J.C. et al. Surface Reaeration in Tropical Headwater Streams: the Dissolution Rate of a Soluble Floating Probe as a New Variable for Reaeration Coefficient Prediction. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 58 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4391-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4391-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation