Abstract
Since the introduction of environmental legislations and directives, the impact of combined sewer overflows (CSO) on receiving water bodies has become a priority concern in water and wastewater treatment industry. Time-consuming and expensive local sampling and monitoring campaigns are usually carried out to estimate the characteristic flow and pollutant concentrations of CSO water. This study focuses on estimating the frequency and duration of wet-weather events and their impacts on influent flow and wastewater characteristics of the largest Italian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Castiglione Torinese. Eight years (viz. 2009–2016) of historical data in addition to arithmetic mean daily precipitation rates (PI) of the plant catchment area are elaborated. Relationships between PI and volumetric influent flow rate (Qin), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (N-NH4), and total suspended solids (TSS) are investigated. A time series data mining (TSDM) method is implemented with MATLAB computing package for segmentation of time series by use of a sliding window algorithm (SWA) to partition the available records associated with wet and dry weather events. According to the TSDM results, a case-specific wet-weather definition is proposed for the Castiglione Torinese WWTP. Two significant weather-based influent scenarios are assessed by kernel density estimation. The results confirm that the method suggested within this study based on plant routinely collected data can be used for planning the emergency response and long-term preparedness for extreme climate conditions in a WWTP. Implementing the obtained results in dynamic process simulation models can improve the plant operational efficiency in managing the fluctuating loads.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antunes, C. M., & Oliveira, A. L. (2001). Temporal data mining: an overview. In KDD Workshop on Temporal Data Mining, p. 13.
Arpa Piemonte. (2016). Agenzia regionale per la protezione ambientale . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.arpa.piemonte.gov.it/. [Accessed 1 February 2016].
Berthouex, P., & Fan, R. (1986). Evaluation of treatment plant performance: Causes, frequency, and duration of upsets. Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation, 368–375.
Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L., Lefebvre, M., Lefai, B., & Audic, J.-M. (1995). Flow and pollutant measurements in a combined sewer system to operate a wastewater treatment plant and its storage tank during storm events. Water Science and Technology, 31, 1–12.
Burian, S. J., Nix, S. J., Durrans, S. R., Pitt, R. E., Fan, C.-Y., & Field, R. (1999). Historical development of wet-weather flow management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 125, 3–13.
CEC. (1991). Directive concerning urban wastewater treatment (91/271/EEC). Official Journal of the European Community, L135, 40–52.
CEC. (1996). Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (96/61/EEC). Official Journal of the European Community, L, 257, 26–40.
Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., & Kumar, V. (2007). Outlier detection: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv.
Chundi, P., & Rosenkrantz, D. (2009). Segmentation of time series data. In J. Wang (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of data warehousing and mining (pp. 1753–1758). New York: Information Science Reference.
Chung, L., Fu, T. C., & Luk, R. (2004). An evolutionary approach to pattern-based time series segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, 8(5), 471–489.
Clark, S. E., Burian, S., Pitt, R., & Field, R. (2007). Urban wet-weather flows. Water Environment Research, 79, 1166–1227.
Edwards, L. J., Muller, K. E., Wolfinger, R. D., Qaqish, B. F., & Schabenberger, O. (2008). An R2 statistic for fixed effects in the linear mixed model. Statistics in Medicine, 27, 6137–6157.
Field, P. R., & Sullivan, P. D. (2001). Overview of EPA’s wet-weather flow research program. Urban Water, 3, 165–169.
Franzblau, A. N. (1958). A primer of statistics for non-statisticians. Oxford: Harcourt, Brace.
Fu, T. (2011). A review on time series data mining. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 24, 164–181.
Fu, C., Chung, F. L., Ng, V., & Luk, R. (2001). Evolutionary segmentation of financial time series into sub-sequences. In Proceedings of the 2001 congress on evolutionary computation (pp. 426–430). Seoul.
Giokas, D., Vlessidis, A., Angelidis, M., Tsimarakis, G. J., & Karayannis, M. (2002). Systematic analysis of the operational response of activated sludge process to variable wastewater flows. A case study. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 4, 183–190.
Gionis, A., & Mannila, H. (2003). Finding recurrent sources in sequences. In Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on research in computational molecular biology (RECOMB 2003) (pp. 123–130).
Grubbs, F. E. (1969). Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples. Technometrics, 11, 1–21.
IRSA, C. (1994). Metodi analitici per le acque. Ist. Poligr. E Zecca Dello Stato Roma.
Karagozoglu, B., & Altin, A. (2003). Flow-rate and pollution characteristics of domestic wastewater. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 19, 259–270.
Kothandaraman, V. (1972). Water quality characteristics of storm sewer discharges and combined sewer overflows (Illinois state water survey).
Lovrić, M., Milanović, M., & Stamenković, M. (2014). Algoritmic methods for segmentation of time series: An overview. J. Contemp. Econ. Bus. Issues, 1, 31–53.
McMahan, E.K., (2006). Impacts of Rainfall Events on Wastewater Treatment Processes. Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3846/.
Metcalf, E., Eddy, H. P., & Tchobanoglous, G. (1991). Wastewater engineering: Treatment, disposal and reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mines, R. O., Jr., Lackey, L. W., & Behrend, G. H. (2007). The impact of rainfall on flows and loadings at Georgia’s wastewater treatment plants. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 179, 135–157.
Mostert, E. (2003). The European water framework directive and water management research. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC, 28, 523–527.
Oliveira-Esquerre, K. P., Seborg, D. E., Bruns, R. E., & Mori, M. (2004). Application of steady-state and dynamic modeling for the prediction of the BOD of an aerated lagoon at a pulp and paper mill. Part I. Linear approaches. Chem. Eng. J., 104, 73–81.
Reynolds, T. D., & Richards, P. A. (1996). Unit operations and processes in environmental engineering. Boston: PWS Publishing Company.
Rosner, B. (1983). Percentage points for a generalized ESD many-outlier procedure. Technometrics, 25, 165–172.
Rouleau, S., Lessard, P., & Bellefleur, D. (1997). Behaviour of a small wastewater treatment plant during rain events. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 24, 790–798.
Sansalone, J. J., & Cristina, C. M. (2004). First flush concepts for suspended and dissolved solids in small impervious watersheds. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 130(11), 1301–1314.
Schilperoort, R.P.S. (2011). Monitoring as a tool for the assessment of wastewater quality dynamics.
Schmetterer, L. (2012). Introduction to mathematical statistics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Silverman, B. W. (2018). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Routledge.
Stricker, A.-E., Lessard, P., Héduit, A., & Chatellier, P. (2003). Observed and simulated effect of rain events on the behaviour of an activated sludge plant removing nitrogen. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2, 429–440.
Suarez, J., & Puertas, J. (2005). Determination of COD, BOD, and suspended solids loads during combined sewer overflow (CSO) events in some combined catchments in Spain. Ecological Engineering, 24, 199–217.
Tietjen, G. L., & Moore, R. H. (1972). Some Grubbs-type statistics for the detection of several outliers. Technometrics, 14, 583–597.
Zhu, J.-J., Segovia, J., & Anderson, P. R. (2015). Defining influent scenarios: Application of cluster analysis to a water reclamation plant. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 141, 4015005.
Funding
This project was financially supported by SMAT (Società Metropolitana Acque Torino).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borzooei, S., Teegavarapu, R., Abolfathi, S. et al. Data Mining Application in Assessment of Weather-Based Influent Scenarios for a WWTP: Getting the Most Out of Plant Historical Data. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4053-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4053-1