Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Effectiveness of Zn Leaching from EAFD Using Caustic Soda

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a toxic waste which is mainly rich in iron oxide, zinc, and lead. Hydrometallurgical extraction of zinc from Jordanian EAFD in alkaline medium was investigated; NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 were used as leaching agents. The pH values for the prepared solutions were 8.3, 8.2, and 12.55 for NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaOH, respectively. The effect of NaOH concentration (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 M), contact time (5 min to 3 h), temperature (20, 40, and 60), and solid-to-liquid ratio (SLR; 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/ml) on the leachability of zinc from EAFD were tested. The initial EAFD and the resulting leach residues were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). EAFD contained 25.9% Zn, 18.0% Fe, and 3.2% Pb. A maximum zinc recovery of 92.9% was achieved using 6 M NaOH at 60 °C with solid loading of 20 g/L and 3 h leaching time. NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 were not efficient leaching agents for Zn extraction since the recoveries were only 2.6 and 4.5%, respectively. Zn and Pb were depleted in the residues with an E-factor of 0.5–0.6 and 0.1–0.25, respectively. Iron was enriched in the residues; the E-factor was around 2. The EAFD contained mainly zincite, franklinite, and magnetite. After 3 h leaching, only traces of zincite exist in the residues, while sylvite and halite were completely dissolved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abkhoshk, E., Jorjani, E., Al-Harahsheh, M. S., Rashchi, F., & Naazeri, M. (2014). Review of the hydrometallurgical processing of non-sulfide zinc ores. Hydrometallurgy, 149, 153–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, O. H., Altarawneh, M., Al-Harahsheh, M., Jiang, Z.-T., & Dlugogorski, B. Z. (2017). Recycling of zincite (ZnO) via uptake of hydrogen halides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

  • Al-Harahsheh, M., & Kingman, S. W. (2004). Microwave-assisted leaching—a review. Hydrometallurgy, 73, 189–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Harahsheh, M., Al-Otoom, A., Al-Makhadmah, L., Hamilton, I. E., Kingman, S., Al-Asheh, S., & Hararah, M. (2015). Pyrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride) and-electric arc furnacedust mixtures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 299, 425–436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo, J. A., & Schalch, V. (2014). Recycling of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust for use in steel making process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 3, 274–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, E. C., Nenniger, E. H., & Dziewinski, J. (1992). A hydrometallurgical process to treat carbon steel electric arc furnace dust. Hydrometallurgy, 30, 59–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caravaca, C., Cobo, A., & Alguacil, F. J. (1994). Considerations about the recycling of EAF flue dusts as source for the recovery of valuable metals by hydrometallurgical processes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 10, 35–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreisinger, D. (1990). A challenge for the 1990s: the hydrometallurgical treatment of wastes and residues. JOM, 42, 27–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutra, A. J. B., Paiva, P. R. P., & Tavares, L. M. (2006). Alkaline leaching of zinc from electric arc furnace steel dust. Minerals Engineering, 19, 478–485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elgersma, F., Kamst, G. F., Witkamp, G. J., & van Rosmalen, G. M. (1992). Acidic dissolution of zinc ferrite. Hydrometallurgy, 29, 173–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frenay, J., Ferlay, S. & Hissel, J.: 1986, Zinc and lead recovery from EAF dusts by caustic soda process. In: Electric furnace proceedings, treatment options for carbon steel electric arc furnace dust, Iron Steel Society, pp. 171–175.

  • Havlík, T., Vidor e Souza, B., Bernardes, A. M., Schneider, I. A., & Miškufová, A. (2006). Hydrometallurgical processing of carbon steel EAF dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 135, 311–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, M. K., Kumar, V., & Singh, R. J. (2001). Review of hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc from industrial wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 33, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavouras, P., Kehagias, T., Tsilika, I., Kaimakamis, G., Chrissafis, K., Kokkou, S., Papadopoulos, D., & Karakostas, T. (2007). Glass-ceramic materials from electric arc furnace dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139, 424–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kekki, A., Aromaa, J., & Forcen, O. (2012). Leaching characteristics of EAF and AOF stainless steel production dusts. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 48, 599–606.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelebek, S., Yörük, S., & Davis, B. (2004). Characterization of basic oxygen furnace dust and zinc removal by acid leaching. Minerals Engineering, 17, 285–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc, N., Meux, E., & Lecuire, J.-M. (2003). Hydrometallurgical extraction of zinc from zinc ferrites. Hydrometallurgy, 70, 175–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenntech, B. V.: 2017, Zinc and water: reaction mechanisms, environmental impact and health effects. Distributieweg 3, EG Delfgauw: Lenntech.

  • Li, H.-X., Wang, Y., & Cang, D.-Q. (2010). Zinc leaching from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 17, 967–971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mordogan, H., Cicek, T., & Isik, A. (1999). Caustic soda leach of electric arc furnace dust. J. Eng. Environ. Sci., 23, 199–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagib, S., & Inoue, K. (2000). Recovery of lead and zinc from fly ash generated from municipal incineration plants by means of acid and/or alkaline leaching. Hydrometallurgy, 56, 269–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niubo, M., Fernandez, A. I., Chimenos, J. M., & Haurie, L. (2009). A possible recycling method for high grade steels EAFD in polymer composites. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171, 1139–1144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, T., Yaguchi, M., Koyama, K., Tanaka, M., & Lee, J. C. (2008). Hydrometallurgical process for the recycling of copper using anodic oxidation of cuprous ammine complexes and flow-through electrolysis. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 2585–2592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orhan, G. (2005). Leaching and cementation of heavy metals from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium. Hydrometallurgy, 78, 236–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oustadakis, P., Tsakiridis, P. E., Katsiapi, A., & Agatzini-Leonardou, S. (2010). Hydrometallurgical process for zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). Part I. Characterization and leaching by diluted sulphuric acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofilić, T., Rastovčan-Mioč, A., Cerjan-Stefanović, Š., Novosel-Radović, V., & Jenko, M. (2004). Characterization of steel mill electric-arc furnace dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109, 59–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stegemann, J. A., Roy, A., Caldwell, R. J., Schilling, P. J., & Tittsworth, R. (2000). Understanding environmental leachability of electric arc furnace dust. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126, 112–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suetens, T., Klaasen, B., Van Acker, K., & Blanpain, B. (2014). Comparison of electric arc furnace dust treatment technologies using exergy efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 152–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, C. M. F., Sanchez, R., Monteiro, S. N., Lalla, N., & Quaranta, N. (2013). Recycling of electric arc furnace dust into red ceramic. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2, 88–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia, D. K., & Picklesi, C. A. (2000). Microwave caustic leaching of electric arc furnace dust. Minerals Engineering, 13, 79–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youcai, Z., & Stanforth, R. (2000). Integrated hydrometallurgical process for production of zinc from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 80, 223–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Li, X., Pan, L., Wei, Y., & Liang, X. (2010). Effect of mechanical activation on the kinetics of extracting indium from indium-bearing zinc ferrite. Hydrometallurgy, 102, 95–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, 71111, Jordan

    Leema A. Al-Makhadmeh

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, 71111, Jordan

    Mohammad A. Batiha & Saleh E. Rawadieh

  3. Chemical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan

    Mohammad S. Al-Harahsheh

  4. Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan

    Ibrahem S. Altarawneh

Authors
  1. Leema A. Al-Makhadmeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad A. Batiha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad S. Al-Harahsheh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ibrahem S. Altarawneh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Saleh E. Rawadieh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad A. Batiha.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al-Makhadmeh, L.A., Batiha, M.A., Al-Harahsheh, M.S. et al. The Effectiveness of Zn Leaching from EAFD Using Caustic Soda. Water Air Soil Pollut 229, 33 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3694-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3694-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation