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Effects of Operation Variables and Electro-kinetic Field on Soil Washing of Arsenic and Cesium with Potassium Phosphate

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Abstract

The operation variables and electro-kinetic field (EKF) were investigated to enhance the remediation of arsenic (As)- and cesium (Cs)-contaminated soils with soil washing. Extractant types, concentrations, liquid/solid (L/S) ratios, solution pH values, washing temperatures, and agitation modes were important criteria to determine the efficiency of soil washing. The KH2PO4 was proved to be a suitable alternative to Na2EDTA in extracting As and Cs from contaminated soils. A 2-h washing with KH2PO4 at concentration of 0.01 M and L/S ratio of 20 mL g−1 showed the most efficient washing performance. In addition, the lower solution pH, higher temperature, and ultrasound also favored soil washing of As and Cs with KH2PO4. The EKF greatly enhanced metals extraction with soil washing. It offered acidic soil environment around the anode areas for the release of soluble Cs from its soil solid-phase components before soil washing. Moreover, the alkalization around the cathode areas also benefited the desorption of stable As since labile As were mainly presented in anionic forms. The effect of CA for neutralizing OH− was proved to be limited, while the reversed subsequent EKF process effectively alleviated Cs precipitation generated during the initial EKF process. It also effectively restored soil pH altered by the initial EKF. The overall EKF (4 V cm−1) enhanced removal efficiency of As and Cs with soil washing from the anode area was 37 and 31%, respectively. Higher removal of As (52%) was obtained in the cathode area. Moreover, the reversed EKF resulted in another 28% removal of Cs in the initial cathode area which showed the capacity of EKF on continuous soil metal remediation.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC-HQ-84-15-G-0042 and NRC–HQ-12-G-38-0038) and U.S. Department of Commerce (NOAA) (NA11SEC4810001-003499). Mr. Mao was also supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2016B04314), the Special Fund for Hydro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201301017), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (2014B04814 and 2015B05814), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51509068), the Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1501043A), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M581716).

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  1. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Xinyu Mao, Xiaohou Shao & Tingting Chang

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P. O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    Fengxiang X. Han, Zikri Arslan, Jacqueline McComb, Kai Guo & Ahmet Celik

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Mao, X., Han, F.X., Shao, X. et al. Effects of Operation Variables and Electro-kinetic Field on Soil Washing of Arsenic and Cesium with Potassium Phosphate. Water Air Soil Pollut 228, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3199-y

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