Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Stormwater Quality Review to Evaluate Treatment for Drinking Water Supply via Managed Aquifer Recharge

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

To date, there is no compiled information for stormwater quality data intended for drinking water supply via managed aquifer recharge (MAR) making risk assessment of these schemes difficult. This study compiles hazards relevant to water recycling via MAR and calculates the associated 95th percentile values. The 95th percentiles of iron, turbidity, colour and faecal indicators exceeded the guideline values at all sites. Likewise, measured hazards for which 95th percentile values met drinking water guidelines (other metals (e.g. zinc), salinity (electrical conductivity) and nutrients including nitrate) did so at all sites. Considering a variety of climatic zones and catchment characteristics and the temporal variations typical in urban stormwater quality, there was a remarkable similarity in the 95th percentile concentrations for a suite of water quality hazards in urban stormwater. This is important in consideration of drinking water risk assessments and determining treatment requirements for potable use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ANZECC–ARMCANZ. (2000a). National Water Quality Management Strategy. Australian Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting, 7. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • ANZECC–ARMCANZ. (2000a). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality: volume 1—the guidelines, national water quality management strategy document 4. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/53cda9ea-7ec2-49d4-af29-d1dde09e96ef/files/nwqms-guidelines-4-vol1.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • APHA (American Public Health Association). (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 735 APHA-WEF-AWWA, Washington.

  • Baker, L. A. (1998). Design considerations and applications for wetland treatment of high-nitrate waters. Water Science and Technology, 38(1), 389–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartak, R., Page, D., Sandhu, C., Grischek, T., Saini, B., Mehrotra, I., Jain, C., & Ghosh, N. (2015). Application of risk-based assessment and management to riverbank filtration sites in India. Journal of Water and Health, 13, 174–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CGWB. (2009). Groundwater brochure of Hardwar district. Uttarakhand: Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chong, M. N., Sidhu, J., Aryal, R., Tang, J., Gernjak, W., Escher, B., & Toze, S. (2013). Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 6645–6652.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • City of Orange. (2008). Stormwater management plan for the City of Orange. City of Orange, NSW. April, 2008. http://www.orange.nsw.gov.au/site/index.cfm?display=147111. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • City of Orange. 2013. Blackmans Swamp stormwater harvesting scheme. City of Orange, NSW. http://www.orange.nsw.gov.au/site/index.cfm?display=147115. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • Dillon, P., D. Page, M.H. Lim, E. Lee, P.Y. Lim, C. Devitt, J. Vanderzalm, S. Toze, and K. Hyde. (2011). Health risk assessment for use of urban stormwater as a drinking water supply. Proceedings of Singapore International Water Week, 4–8 July 2011.

  • Gangwar, K. K., & Joshi, B. D. (2004). A preliminary study on solid waste generation at Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar, around the Ardh-Kumbh period of sacred bathing in the river Ganga in 2004. Environmentalist, 28, 297–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadlec, R. H. (2009). Comparison of free water and horizontal subsurface treatment wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 35(2), 159–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makepeace, D. K., Smith, D. W., & Stanley, S. J. (1995). Urban stormwater quality: summary of contaminant data. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 25(2), 93–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NHMRC-NRMMC. (2011). National water quality management strategy Australian drinking water guidelines, national water quality management strategy document 6. National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/eh52_aust_drinking_water_guidelines_update_131216.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • NRCDMEF. (2009). Status paper on River Ganga. State of Environment and Water Quality. August, 2009. National River Conservation Directorate Ministry of Environment and Forests (NRCDMEF). Government of India.

  • NRMMC-EPHC-AHMC. (2006). National water quality management strategy Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 1), national water quality management strategy document 21. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and Australian Health Ministers’ Conference, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/044e7a7e-558a-4abf-b985-2e831d8f36d1/files/water-recycling-guidelines-health-environmental-21.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC. (2008). National water quality management strategy Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 2) augmentation of drinking water supplies, national water quality management strategy document 22. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and Australian Health Ministers’ Conference, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/9e4c2a10-fcee-48ab-a655-c4c045a615d0/files/water-recycling-guidelines-augmentation-drinking-22.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC. (2009a). National water quality management strategy Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 2) managed aquifer recharge), national water quality management strategy document 24. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and Australian Health Ministers’ Conference, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d464c044-4c3b-48fa-ab8b-108d56e3ea20/files/water-recycling-guidelines-mar-24.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC. (2009b). National water quality management strategy Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 2) stormwater harvesting and reuse, national water quality management strategy document 23. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and Australian Health Ministers’ Conference, National Water Quality Management Strategy, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4c13655f-eb04-4c24-ac6e-bd01fd4af74a/files/water-recycling-guidelines-stormwater-23.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • Page, D. W., Khan, S., & Miotlinski, K. (2011). A systematic approach to determine herbicide removals in constructed wetlands using time integrated passive samplers. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 1, 11–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page, D., D. Gonzalez, P. Dillon, J. Vanderzalm, G. Vadakattu, S. Toze, J. Sidhu, K. Miotlinski, S. Torkzaban and K. Barry. (2013a). Managed aquifer recharge and stormwater use options: public health and environmental risk assessment final report. Goyder Research Institute Technical Report 13/17. http://goyderinstitute.org/index.php?id=20. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • Page, D., D. Gonzalez, B. Naumann, P. Dillon J. Vanderzalm and K. Barry. (2013b). Stormwater managed aquifer recharge risk-based management plan, Parafield stormwater harvesting system, stormwater supply to the Mawson lakes recycled water scheme, industrial uses and public open space irrigation. Goyder Research Institute Technical Report 13/18. http://goyderinstitute.org/index.php?id=20. Accessed 19 Feb 2014.

  • Page D., D. Gonzalez, S. Torkzaban, S. Toze, J. Sidhu, K. Miotliński, K. Barry, and P. Dillon. (2014). Microbiological risks of recycling urban stormwater via aquifers for various uses in Adelaide, Australia. Environmental Earth Sciences. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3466-4

  • Page, D. W., Barry, K., Gonzalez, D., Keegan, A., & Dillon, P. (2016). Reference pathogen numbers in urban stormwater for drinking water risk assessment. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 06(1), 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahardjo, H., Aung, K., Leong, E., & Rezaur, R. (2004). Characteristics of residual soils in Singapore as formed by weathering. Engineering Geology, 73, 157–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, C., Grischek, T., Kumar, P., & Ray, C. (2012). Promise of bank filtration in India. Journal of the Indian Water Works Association, 2012(Special Issue), 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu, J., Toze, S., Hodgers, L., Shackelton, M., Barry, K., Page, D., & Dillon, P. (2010). Pathogen inactivation during passage of stormwater through a constructed reedbed and aquifer transfer, storage and recovery. Water Science and Technology, 62, 1190–1197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu, J., Gernjak, W., & Toze, S. (2012). Health risk assessment of urban stormwater. In Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjandraatmadja, G, A. Kaksonen, D. Gonzalez, K. Barry, J. Vanderzalm, G. Puzon, J. Sidhu, J. Wylie and N. Goodman. (2014). Investigation of stormwater impact on water quality and distribution infrastructure. Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report. http://goyderinstitute.org/index.php?id=20.

  • Toze, S., Hodgers, L., Palmer, A., Sidhu, J., Page, D., Williams, M., Kookana, R., Bartkow, M., Sedlak, D., Stratton, H., Ahmed, W., Schroeder, S., & Christie, M. (2012). Natural attenuation of pathogens and trace contaminants in South East Queensland waterways. In Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • UDDU. (2007). City development plan: Haridwar. Revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, May, 2007. Urban Development Department, Government of Uttarakhand (UDDU). http://nagarnigamharidwar.com/CDP_HARIDWAR.PDF. Accessed 3 Mar 2014.

  • Vanderzalm, J., Page, D., & Dillon, P. (2011). Application of a risk management framework to a drinking water supply augmented by stormwater recharge. Water Science and Technology, 63, 719–726.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderzalm, J., D. Page, P. Dillon, J. Lawson, N. Grey, D. Sexton and D. Williamson. (2014). A risk-based management plan for Mount Gambier stormwater recharge system: stormwater recharge to the Gambier Limestone aquifer. Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report http://goyderinstitute.org/index.php?id=20.

  • Wang, W., D. Page, Y. Zhou, J. Vanderzalm and P. Dillon. (2014). Towards roof runoff replenishment of groundwater in Jinan, China. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 20. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0001040

  • WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 14 May 2015.

  • Wolf, L., Morris, B., & Burn, S. (2006). AISUWRS: urban water resources toolbox (pp. 217–250). London: IWA Publishing. A karstic aquifer system: Mount Gambier, Australia. Chapter 3.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K., Randelovic, A., Page, D., McCarthy, D., & Deletic, A. (2014). The validation of stormwater biofilters for micropollutant removal using in-situ challenge tests. Ecological Engineering, 67, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of the partners to the Managed Aquifer Recharge and Stormwater Use Options research project. These are the National Water Commission through the Raising National Water Standards Program, the SA Government through the Goyder Institute for Water Research, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Program, City of Salisbury, the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, SA Water Corporation and United Water International. Data were provided by South Australian Water Corporation, City of Salisbury, CSIRO, City of Orange, City of Mount Gambier, Public Utilities Board, Singapore, the University of Jinan, China, and the Dresden University of Applied Sciences, Germany. The Dresden University of Applied Sciences supplied data on Haridwar as part of the Saph Pani project (Grant agreement number: 282911) of the European Commission. Data was also sourced from the Water Environment Research Foundation International Stormwater Best Practice Management Database.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No 2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia

    D. Page, J. Vanderzalm, P. Dillon, D. Gonzalez & K. Barry

Authors
  1. D. Page
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Vanderzalm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Dillon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. Gonzalez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Barry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Page.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Page, D., Vanderzalm, J., Dillon, P. et al. Stormwater Quality Review to Evaluate Treatment for Drinking Water Supply via Managed Aquifer Recharge. Water Air Soil Pollut 227, 322 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3021-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3021-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation