Abstract
It is known that peat can be a potential adsorbent to remove contaminants from wastewaters. When raw peat is used, many limitations exist: Natural peat has a low mechanical strength, high affinity for water, poor chemical stability and tendency to shrink and/or swell. In this work, in order to obtain a more manageable substrate, to be used as adsorbent, peat was entrapped in calcium alginate beads. Box–Behnken factorial design was used to obtain the best condition for the immobilization of peat in calcium alginate beads. The independent variables studied were: peat concentration, sodium alginate concentration and calcium chloride concentration, whereas the dependent variables studied were based on the variation of colour parameters after the treatment of vinasses with entrapped peat. High colour reductions can be achieved using entrapped peat formulated by mixing 2 % of peat with 3 % of sodium alginate and pumped it on calcium chloride (0.05 M).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Aghakhani, A., Mousavi, S. F., Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Rostamian, R., & Seraji, M. (2011). Application of some combined adsorbents to remove salinity parameters from drainage water. Desalination, 275(1–3), 217–223.
Anjaneyulu, Y., Sreedhara Chary, N., & Samuel Suman Raj, D. (2005). Decolourization of industrial effluents—available methods and emerging technologies—a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 4(4), 245–273.
Berns, R. S. (2000). Billmeyer and Saltzman’s principles of color technology (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Bezerra, M. A., Santelli, R. E., Oliveira, E. P., Villar, L. S., & Escaleira, L. A. (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta, 76, 965–977.
Box, G. E. P., & Behnken, D. W. (1960). Simplex-sum designs—a class of 2nd order rotatable designs derivable of those of 1st order. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 31(4), 838–864.
Brown, P. A., Gill, S. A., & Allen, S. J. (2000). Metal removal from wastewater using peat. Water Research, 34(16), 3907–3916.
Crini, G. (2006). Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review. Bioresource Technology, 97(9), 1061–1085.
Deive, F. J., Domínguez, A., Barrio, T., Moscoso, F., Morán, P., Longo, M. A., & Sanromán, M. A. (2010). Decolorization of dye Reactive Black 5 by newly isolated thermophilic microorganisms from geothermal sites in Galicia (Spain). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182, 735–742.
Devesa-Rey, R., Bustos, G., Cruz, J. M., & Moldes, A. B. (2011). Optimisation of entrapped activated carbon conditions to remove coloured compounds from winery wastewaters. Bioresource Technology, 102(11), 6437–6442.
Ferreira, S. L. C., Bruns, R. E., Ferreira, H. S., Matos, G. D., David, J. M., Brandão, G. C., da Silva, E. G. P., Portugal, L. A., dos Reis, P. S., Souza, A. S., & dos Santos, W. N. L. (2007). Box–Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 597(2), 179–186.
Hardin, A. M., & Admassu, W. (2005). Kinetics of heavy metal uptake by vegetation immobilized in a polysulfone or polycarbonate polymeric matrix. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 126(1–3), 40–53.
Hernández-Apaolaza, L., & Lucena, J. (2001). Fe(III)-EDDHA and -EDDHMA sorption on Ca-montmorillonite, ferrihydrite, and peat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5258–5264.
Jeffers, T. H., & Isaacson, A. E. (1994). Peat moss in plastic beads: new waste water treatment. AMC Journal, 80(11), 5–7.
Official Journal of European Communities (1990). No 2676/90; Ed. Commission regulation (EEZ) document 390 R 2676.
Reynolds, B., Stevens, P. A., Hughes, S., & Brittain, S. A. (2004). Comparison of field techniques for sampling soil solution in an upland peatland. Soil Use Management, 20(4), 454–456.
Smieja-Król, B., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Sikorski, J., & Palowski, B. (2010). Heavy metal behaviour in peat—a mineralogical perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 408(23), 5924–5931.
Socías-Viciana, M. M., Fernández-Pérez, M., Villafranca-Sánchez, M., González-Pradas, E., & Flores-Céspedes, F. (1999). Sorption and leaching of atrazine and MCPA in natural and peat-amended calcareous soils from Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(3), 1236–1241.
Spinti, M., Zhuang, H., & Trujillo, E. M. (1995). Evaluation of immobilized biomass beads for removing heavy metals from wastewaters. Water Environment Research, 67(6), 943–952.
Sun, Q., & Yang, L. (2003). The adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution on modified peat–resin particle. Water Research, 37(7), 1535–1544.
Trujillo, E. M., Jeffers, T. H., Ferguson, C., & Stevenson, H. Q. (1991). Mathematically modeling the removal of heavy metals from a wastewater using immobilized biomass. Environmental Science and Technology, 25(9), 1559–1565.
Vecino, X., Devesa-Rey, R., Moldes, A. B., & Cruz, J. M. (2012). Optimization of batch operating conditions for the decolourization of vinasses using surface response methodology. Microchemical Journal, 102, 83–90.
Völz, H. G. (2001). Industrial color testing. Weinheim: Wiley–VCH.
Zhou, Y., Lu, P., & Lu, J. (2012). Application of natural biosorbent and modified peat for bisphenol a removal from aqueous solutions. Carbohydrates Polymer, 88(2), 502–508.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the ‘Xunta de Galicia’ for financial support (Programa Ángeles Alvariño and Programa GPC, ref. CN2012/277). X. Vecino is grateful to the University of Vigo for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vecino, X., Devesa-Rey, R., Cruz, J.M. et al. Entrapped Peat in Alginate Beads as Green Adsorbent for the Elimination of Dye Compounds from Vinasses. Water Air Soil Pollut 224, 1448 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1448-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1448-x