Abstract
The upper limit of fluoride concentration in water for human consumption is 1.5 ppm. Many studies have been carried out concerning the water fluoride concentration in wide areas around the world, but none have studied the change of fluoride concentration as a function of geographical coordinates and through time. This paper describes ‘microvariation’ of fluoride concentration among wells separated by less than 500 m in a month. On the other hand, ‘macrovariation’ is also studied describing changes among cities that are separated by more than 10 km and compared with fluoride concentrations measured 65 years ago. Fluoride concentration was measured in a wide geographical area of Argentina, which is 133,000 km2. Samples of water were collected from different regions. Macrovariation: Differences in fluoride concentration in well water among regions were found, as well as an increase in water fluoride concentration during seven decades. Microvariation: Daily water fluoride concentration in a specific area displayed a great variation in the measurements through time. In addition, wells with no more than 500 m of separation were measured at the same time and were significantly different. These results indicate that in order to determine the fluoride concentration of a region, different samples of the same area should be obtained and a sampling through time should also be done.
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by Secretaría de Estado Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación of Santa Fe Province, Argentina and Fundación Alberto J. Roemmers of Argentina, both of them without commercial interests. We thank Hilda Moreno and Florencia Pilotti for technical assistance.
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Lupo, M., Fina, B.L., Aguirre, M.C. et al. Determination of Water Fluoride Concentration and the Influence of the Geographic Coordinate System and Time. Water Air Soil Pollut 223, 5221–5225 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1273-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1273-7