Assessment of Critical Loads in Tropical Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. F.) Forests of Doon Valley Himalayas, India

Abstract

The present study was conducted in tropical Sal forest ecosystem of the Doon valley in the Indian Himalayas to assess the critical load of sulfur and nitrogen and their exceedances. The observed pattern of throughfall ionic composition in the study are Ca²⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺>Cl⁻> HCO3⁻> Na⁺>NO ⁻₃ > SO ²⁻₃ ≥ NH ⁺₄ >F⁻. The sum of cation studied is 412.29 μeq l⁻¹ and that of anions is 196.98 μeq l⁻¹, showing cation excess of 215.31 μeq l⁻¹. The cations, namely Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and NH ⁺₄ , made a contribution of about 67% of the total ion strength, where as anion comprising of SO ²⁻₄ , Cl⁻, NO ⁻₃ , and HCO ⁻₃ contributed 33%. The chief acidic components were Cl^– (12%) and HCO ⁻₃ (8%), while the presence of SO ²⁻₄ (5%) and NO ⁻₃ (6%), respectively. Percentage contribution of bole to total aboveground biomass was ∼72.38% in comparison to 2.24–2.93% of leaf biomass, 10.34–10.96% of branch biomass and 13.21–17.07% of bark biomass. There was high and significant variation (P < 0.001) in the total aboveground biomass produced at different sites. The aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in these sites ranged between 2.09 and 9.22 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The base cations and nitrogen immobilization was found to be maximum in bole. The net annual uptake of the base cations varied from 306.85 to 1,311.46 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and of nitrogen from 68.27 to 263.51 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The critical appraisal of soil showed that cation exchange capacity lied between 18.37 and 10.30 Cmol (p+) kg⁻¹. The base saturation percentage of soil was as high as 82.43% in Senkot, whereas in Kalusidh it was just 44.28%. The local temperature corrected base cation weathering rates based on soil mineralogy, parent material class, and texture class varied from 484.15 to 627.25 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, showing a weak potentiality of the system to buffer any incoming acidity and thus providing restricted acid neutralizing capacity to keep the ecosystem stable under increased future deposition scenarios in near future. The appreciable BS of the soil indicates the presence of intense nutrient phytorecycling forces within this climate and atmospheric deposition in replenishing base cations in the soil, which includes intrinsic soil-forming processes, i.e., weathering. The highest value of critical load for acidity was 2,896.50 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and the lowest was 2,792.45 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The calculated value of the minimum critical loads for nitrogen varied from 69.77 to 265.01 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, whereas the maximum nitrogen critical load ranged between 2,992.63 and 4,394.45 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The minimum and the maximum critical loads of sulfur ranged between 2,130.49 and 3,261.64 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 2,250.58 and 3,381.73 eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The values of exceedance of sulfur and nitrogen were negative, implying that in the current scenario Sal forests of the Doon valley are well protected from acidification.