Abstract
The concentration of p-cresol and p-ethylphenol, two malodorants typical of swine waste, were measured at 0.5 and 1.5 m above a waste treatment lagoon during two separate campaigns encompassing late winter through early spring and late spring through early summer. Concomitant collection of air temperatures, humidities, insolation, and wind speeds, as well as water column temperatures were done so that heat fluxes could be computed using an energy budget method and Bowen ratio estimates. The empirical model that was found to correlate best with variations in malodorant concentrations and gradients above the lagoon had the terms describing evaporation from the lagoon surface and net available energy at the lagoon surface. Emissions were found to be much higher during the cool season than the warm season. This was despite much higher evaporation rates during the warm season. This could be explained by much lower lagoon concentrations of the malodorants in the warm season than in the cool season. Results of this work are being used to determine appropriate models to estimate malodorant emissions from lagoons and devise techniques for the abatement of nuisance emissions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, D. M., Gilbert, P., & Burkholder, J. M. (2002). Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries, 25(4b), 704–726.
Aneja, V., Braham, P., Malik, B., Tong, Q., Kang, D., & Overton, J. (2001). Measurement and modelling of ammonia emissions at waste treatment lagoon–atmospheric interface. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, 1(5–6), 177–188.
Blunden, J., & Aneja, V.P. (2008). Characterizing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a swine waste treatment lagoon in North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment, 42(14), 3277–3290.
Brutsaert, W. (2005). Hydrology: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crawford, T. M., & Duchon, C. E. (1999). An improved parameterization for estimating effective atmospheric emissivity for use in calculating daytime downwelling longwave radiation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38(4), 474–480.
Do, Y. S., Schmidt, T. M., Zahn, J. A., Boyd, E. S., de la Mora, A., & DiSpirito, A. A. (2003). Role of Rhodobacter sp. strain PS9, a purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium isolated from an anaerobic swine waste lagoon, in odor remediation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(3), 1710–1720.
Gu, J.-D., & Berry, D. F. (1991). Degradation of substituted indoles by an indole-degrading methanogenic consortium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(9), 2622–2627.
Ham, J. M. (1999). Estimating evaporation and seepage losses from lagoons used to contain animal waste. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 42(5), 1303–1312.
Harper, L. A., & Sharpe, R. R. (2000). Gaseous nitrogen emissions from anaerobic swine lagoons: Ammonia, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen gas. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29(4), 1356–1365.
Ieda, T., Kitamori, Y., Mochida, M., Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Inukai, K., et al. (2006). Diurnal variations and vertical gradients of biogenic volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds at the Tomakomai larch forest station in Japan. Tellus B, 58(3), 177–186.
Kentucky Mesonet. http://www.kymesonet.org. Accessed 01 September 2009.
Lim, T.-T., Heber, A. J., Ni, J. Q., Sutton, A. L., & Shao, P. (2003). Odor and gas release from anaerobic treatment lagoons for swine manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(2), 406–416.
Loughrin, J. H., Lovanh, N., & Mahmood, R. (2008). Equilibrium sampling used to monitor malodors in a swine waste lagoon. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(1), 1–5.
Loughrin, J. H., Bolster, C., Lovanh, N., & Sistani, K. R. (2010). A device for the collection of water at well defined depth. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26 (in press).
Merrill, L., & Halverson, L. J. (2002). Seasonal variation in microbial communities and organic malodor indicator compound concentrations in various types of swine manure storage systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31(6), 2074–2085.
Paerl, H. W. (1997). Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as “new” nitrogen and other nutrient sources. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(2), 1154–1165.
Parmele, H., Lemon, E. R., & Taylor, A. W. (1972). Micrometeorological measurement of pesticide vapor flux from bare soil and corn under field conditions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 1(4), 3469–3480.
Pfast, D. L. & Fulhage, C. D. (2000). Anaerobic lagoons for storage/treatment of livestock manure. University of Missouri Extension Publication EQ387.
Phillips, S. B., Arya, S. P., & Aneja, V. P. (2004). Ammonia flux and dry deposition velocity from near-surface concentration gradient measurements over a grass surface in North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment, 38(21), 3469–3480.
Quintanar, A. I., Mahmood, R., Loughrin, J. H., Lovanh, N., & Motley, M. V. (2009). A system for estimating Bowen ratio and evaporation from waste lagoons. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 25(6), 923–932.
Richard, T. L., & Hinrichs, C. C. (2002). Management and maintenance of earthen manure structures: implications and opportunities for water quality protection. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 18(6), 727–734.
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M., & Moreno-Ostos, E. (2006). Heat budget, energy storage and hydrological regime in a coastal lagoon. Limnologica, 36(4), 217–227.
SAS Institute (1996). SAS system for windows. Version 9.1. Cary: SAS Inst.
Schiffman, S. S., Bennett, J. L., & Raymer, J. H. (2001). Quantification of odors and odorants from swine operations in North Carolina. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 108(3), 213–240.
Spoelstra, S. K. (1977). Simple phenols and indoles in anaerobically stored piggery wastes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28(5), 415–423.
Tanny, J., Cohen, S., Assouline, S., Lange, F., Grava, A., Berger, D., et al. (2008). Evaporation from a small water reservoir: Direct measurements and estimates. Journal of Hydrology, 351(2), 218–229.
Tyndall, J. C., & Grala, R. K. (2006). Mitigating swine odor with strategically designed shelterbelt systems: A review. Agroforestry Systems, 69(1), 45–65.
Tyndall, J. C., & Grala, R. K. (2009). Financial feasibility of using shelterbelts for swine odor mitigation. Agroforestry Systems, 76(1), 237–250.
Zahn, J. A., DiSpirito, A. A., Do, Y. S., Brooks, B. E., Cooper, E. E., & Hatfield, J. L. (2001). Correlation of human olfactory responses to airborne concentrations of malodorous volatile organic compounds emitted from swine effluent. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(2), 624–634.
Acknowledgments
We thank Joe St. Claire and Marty Haley (USDA-ARS) for technical assistance. We thank Mike Grogan and Andrew Quilligan of the Kentucky Climate Center for their technical assistance. We also thank Xingang Fan and Ronnie Leeper for their comments and suggestions related to preparation of the manuscript. This research was part of United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service National Program 206: Manure and By-product Utilization. Additional funding was obtained through a United States Department of Agriculture grant #58-6445-6-068. This research also benefited from National Science Foundation-EPSCoR funding. Mention of a trademark or product anywhere in this article is to describe experimental procedures and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loughrin, J.H., Quintanar, A.I., Lovanh, N.C. et al. Heat Flux Measurements and Modeling of Malodorous Compounds above an Anaerobic Swine Lagoon. Water Air Soil Pollut 217, 463–471 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0601-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0601-z