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Sudbury Sediments Revisited: Evaluating Limnological Recovery in a Multiple-Stressor Environment

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Abstract

Paleolimnological techniques were utilized to determine whether diatom and scaled chrysophyte assemblages in Daisy, Swan, and Tilton lakes (Sudbury, Ontario) have recovered toward their preimpact conditions as a result of reduced inputs of anthropogenic pollutants (SO 2−4 and metals) or whether other environmental stressors have affected recovery trajectories. In addition, geochemical analysis was used to track trends in sedimentary nickel and copper concentrations through time. Preindustrial algal assemblages were primarily dominated by circumneutral to alkaline and pH-indifferent taxa. However, with the onset of open-pit roasting and smelting operations, there was a stratigraphic shift toward acid-tolerant species. With wide-scale smelter emission reductions commencing in the 1970s, scaled chrysophyte assemblages in Swan and Daisy lakes have started to show signs of biological recovery in ∼1984 and ∼1991, respectively. Although the scaled chrysophyte assemblage in Tilton Lake has not recovered toward the predisturbance assemblage, the decline in acidophilic taxa and increase in circumneutral taxa in recently deposited lake sediments indicate that the community is responding to increased lake water pH. Conversely, diatom assemblages within each of the study lakes have not begun to recover, despite well-documented chemical recovery. It is suspected that biological recovery in Sudbury area lakes may be impeded by other environmental stressors such as climate warming. Copper and nickel concentrations in lake sediments increased with the onset of mining activities and subsequently declined with emission controls. However, metal concentrations in lake sediments remain elevated compared to preindustrial concentrations. Together, biological and geochemical evidence demonstrates the clear environmental benefits associated with smelter emission controls.

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Acknowledgements

We thank C. Greenaway and A. Jeziorski for assistance in the field. Geochemical analyses were funded by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Other aspects of this research were funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada via grants to J.P. Smol. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Biology, Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Amy E. Tropea & John P. Smol

  2. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Dorset, Ontario, P0A 1E0, Canada

    Andrew M. Paterson

  3. Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada

    Wendel (Bill) Keller

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Tropea, A.E., Paterson, A.M., Keller, W.(. et al. Sudbury Sediments Revisited: Evaluating Limnological Recovery in a Multiple-Stressor Environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 210, 317–333 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0255-x

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