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Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Brazilian Drinking Waters: A Sewage-To-Tap Issue

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Abstract

The goal of this work was to investigate the occurrence of emerging contaminants in drinking water of the city of Campinas, Brazil. Tap water samples were analyzed using SPE-GC-MS for 11 contaminants of recent environmental concern. Six emerging contaminants (stigmasterol, cholesterol, bisphenol A, caffeine, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were found in the samples. The latter two were detected only during the dry season, with concentrations below quantification limits. Stigmasterol showed the highest average concentration (0.34 ± 0.13 µg L−1), followed by cholesterol (0.27 ± 0.07 µg L−1), caffeine (0.22 ± 0.06 µg L−1), and bisphenol A (0.16 ± 0.03 µg L−1). In Campinas, where surface drinking water supplies receive large amounts of raw sewage inputs, the emerging contaminants levels in drinking waters were higher than median values compiled for drinking and finished water samples around the world.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by The State of São Paulo Research (Projects 07/58449-2 and 07/59208-9). FFS also thanks the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for post-doc scholarship. A special thanks to C. Collins for revising the manuscript.

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  1. Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, PB 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil

    Fernando F. Sodré, Marco Antonio F. Locatelli & Wilson F. Jardim

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  1. Fernando F. Sodré
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  2. Marco Antonio F. Locatelli
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  3. Wilson F. Jardim
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Correspondence to Fernando F. Sodré.

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Sodré, F.F., Locatelli, M.A.F. & Jardim, W.F. Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Brazilian Drinking Waters: A Sewage-To-Tap Issue. Water Air Soil Pollut 206, 57–67 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0086-9

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