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Are Indicators for Critical Load Exceedance Related to Forest Condition?

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the (Ca + Mg + K)/Al and the Ca/Al ratios in soil solution as chemical criteria for forest condition in critical load calculations for forest ecosystems. The tree species Norway spruce, Sitka spruce and beech were studied in an area with high deposition of sea salt and nitrogen in the south-western part of Jutland, Denmark. Throughfall and soil water were collected monthly and analysed for pH, NO3-N, NH4-N, K, Ca, Mg, DOC and Altot. Organic Al was estimated using DOC concentrations. Increment and defoliation were determined annually, and foliar element concentrations were determined every other year. The throughfall deposition was highest in the Sitka spruce stand (maximum of 40 kg N ha−1yr−1) and lowest in the beech stand (maximum of 11 kg N ha−1yr−1). The Sitka spruce stand leached on average 12 kg N ha−1yr−1 during the period 1988–1997 and leaching increased throughout the period. Only small amounts of N were leached from the Norway spruce stand whereas almost no N was leached from the beech stand. For all tree species, both (Ca + Mg + K)/Al and Ca/Al ratios decreased in soil solution at 90 cm depth between 1989 and 1999, which was mainly caused by a decrease in concentrations of base cations. The toxic inorganic Al species were by far the most abundant Al species at 90 cm depth. At the end of the measurement period, the (Ca + Mg + K)/Al ratio was approximately 1 for all species while the Ca/Al ratio was approximately 0.2. The lack of a trend in the increment rates, a decrease in defoliation as well as sufficient levels of Mg and Ca in foliage suggested an unchanged or even slightly improved health condition, despite the decreasing and very low (Ca + Mg + K)/Al and Ca/Al ratios. The suitability of these soil solution element ratios is questioned as the chemical criteria for soil acidification under field conditions in areas with elevated deposition rates of sea salts, in particular Mg.

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Acknowledgements

The National Forest and Nature Agency and the European Commission funded the study. The authors would like to thank the laboratory staff at the Department of Applied Ecology, Forest & Landscape Denmark, for excellent field and laboratory work, and three unknown reviewers for helpful suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Ecology, Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Hoersholm Kongevej 11, 2970, Hoersholm, Denmark

    Karin Hansen & Lars Vesterdal

  2. Land Management Unit, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, TP 261, 21020, Ispra (Varese), Italy

    Annemarie Bastrup-Birk

  3. Service Department, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792, Aarslev, Denmark

    Jørgen Bille-Hansen

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  1. Karin Hansen
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Correspondence to Karin Hansen.

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Hansen, K., Vesterdal, L., Bastrup-Birk, A. et al. Are Indicators for Critical Load Exceedance Related to Forest Condition?. Water Air Soil Pollut 183, 293–308 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9377-1

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