Abstract
In the current study, the leachability of lead from the PbO-Fe2O3-SiO2-Na2O vitrification system was examined by the application of DIN 38414 S4 and TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) standard leaching tests. Various compositions, containing industrial or artificially created solid waste, were examined. Among the main conclusions from the results obtained was that the initial lead content, expressed as PbO and varied between 4–24% w/w, does not influence directly the release of lead from the vitrified samples. The other oxides, as well as other factors e.g. crystal formation on the glass surface, proved to be more important. Similar data were obtained regarding the content of iron oxide (the initial content of Fe2O3 varied from 30–54% w/w), although in this case the sodium concentrations measured in the leachates were generally found to increase with increasing initial iron oxide content and with the respective formation of crystals. The stoichiometry of lead and sodium, as measured in the leachates, was not constant for all the examined cases, showing that the mechanism of release depends upon the initial compositions and the presence of crystals on the glass surface. Improved results, regarding leachability and homogeneity without the presence of crystallites on the glass surface, were obtained when the initial ratio SiO2/Na2O (% w/w) was 2.33. By maintaining this ratio and when the examined waste was gradually added in the initial composition, the results obtained, concerning sodium concentration and pH values, can be described mathematically, by introducing an appropriate constant factor.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Deutsche, Norm. (1984). German standard methods for the examination of water, wastewater and sludge, DIN 38414.
Donze, S., Montagne, L., & Palavit, G. (2000). Thermal conversion of heavy metal chlorides (PbCl2, CdCl2) and alkaline chlorides (NaCl, KCl) into phosphate glasses. Chemistry of Materials, 12, 1921–1925.
EU Directive 98/83/EU. (1998), Drinking water quality indented for human consumption.
Ioannidis, T. A., & Zouboulis, A. I. (2005). Hazardous industrial waste stabilization using inorganic phosphates: investigation of possible mechanisms. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 77, 1737–1752.
Karamanov, A., Pisciella, P., & Pelino, M. (2000). The crystallisation kinetics of iron rich glass in different atmospheres. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20, 2233– 2237.
Kavouras, P., Kaimakamis, G., Ioannidis, Th. A., Kehagias, Th., Komninou, Ph., Kokkou, S., Pavlidou, E., Antonopoulos, I., Sofoniou, M., Zouboulis, A., Hadjiantoniou, C. P., Prakouras, A., & Karakostas, Th. (2003a). Vitrification of lead-rich solids ashes from incineration of hazardous industrial wastes. Waste Management, 23, 361– 371.
Kavouras, P., Komninou P., Chrissafis, K., Kaimakamis, G., Kokkou, S., Paraskevopoulos, K., & Karakostas, Th. (2003b). Microstructural changes of processed vitrified solid waste products. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 23, 1305–1311.
Kavouras, P., Komninou, P., & Karakostas Th. (2004). Effect of composition and annealing temperature on the mechanical properties of a vitrified waste. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24, 2095–2102.
Lewis, A. E. & Beautement, C. (2002). Prioritising objectives for waste reprocessing: a case study in secondary lead refining. Waste Management, 22, 677–685.
Pelino, M. (2000). Recycling of zinc-hydrometallurgy wastes in glass and glass ceramic materials. Waste Management, 20, 561–568.
Pelino, M., Karamanov, A., Pisciella, P., Crisucci, S., & Zonetti, D. (2002). Vitrification of electric arc furnace dusts. Waste Management, 22, 945–949.
Pinakidou, F., Katsikini, M., Paloura, E. C., Kavouras, P.,Komninou, Ph., Karakostas, Th., Erko, A. (2005). XAFS Studies on Vitrified Industrial Waste. Physica Scripta, T115, 931–932.
Pinakidou, F., Katsikini, M., Paloura, E. C., Kavouras, P., Komninou, Ph., Karakostas, Th., Erko, A. (2005). Study of annealing induced devitrification of stabilized industrial waste glasses by means of micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping and absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 351, 2474–2480.
Pisciella, P., Crisucci, S., Karamanov, A., & Pelino, M. (2001). Chemical durability of glasses obtained by vitrification of industrial wastes. Waste Management, 21, 1–9.
Rybarikova, L., Dvorksa, L., Hradecka, H., & Jiricek, P. (2001). Surface treatment of lead glasses for reducing the leaching of lead. Ceramics – Silikaty, 45, 31–34.
Schaffner, B., Meier, A., Wuillemin, D., Hoffelner, W., & Steinfield, A. (2003). Recycling of hazardous waste material using high-temperature solar process heat. 2. Reactor design and experimentation. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 165–170.
Sloot, H. A.van der, Heasman, L., & Quevauviller, Ph. (1997). Harmonization of leaching/extraction tests, Studies in Environmental Science 70. The Netherlands: Elsevier.
Sloot, H. A.van der, Kosson, D. S., & Hjelmar, O. (2001). Leaching behavior of synthetic aggregates. Waste Management, 21, 753–765.
USEPA. (1992). Vitrification technologies for treatment of hazardous and radioactive waste. EPA/625/R-92/002. Cincnatti, U.S.A.
USEPA. (1996). Test methods for evaluating solid waste, SW-846, Method 1311 Office of solid waste. Washinghton DC, U.S.A.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ioannidis, T.A., Kaimakamis, G., Kavouras, P. et al. The Determination of Contaminant Release from the PBO-Fe2O3-SiO2-Na2O Vitrification System, Using Industrial Solid Waste or Artificial Mixtures. Water Air Soil Pollut 176, 201–216 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9162-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9162-6