Abstract
Five year (1995–1999) datasets for inorganic major and trace components in PM10 from three monitoring sites in Hong Kong are presented. The concentrations of most chemical constituents show a high degree of seasonality, with high concentrations in winter but low ones in summer, resulting from the combined effects of summer monsoon scavenging and the influx of the continental air mass of the winter monsoon. High correlations exist within crustal components, as well as within sea-salt components. Non-seasalt sulphate and ammonium ion contributions to the PM10 mass are similar at all sites and are greatest in the winter months, showing the importance of non-local contributions. The concentrations of chemical components in PM10 from this study are compared with those in wet deposition in Hong Kong, as well as with PM10 results from other countries. In general, the Asian countries experience more elevated concentrations of PM10.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, P. J., Seinfeld, J. H. and Koch, D. M.: 1999, ‘Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 13791–13823.
Air Services Laboratory, Environmental Protection Department: 2003, QA/QC Manual, Volume 2, Chaper 2.4. QC manual on field operation of high volume TSP sampler, May 2003, Air Services Group, Hong Kong Government.
Appel, B. R., Tokiwa, Y., Haik, M. and Kothny, E. L.: 1984, ‘Artifact particulate sulphate and nitrate formation on filter media’, Atmos. Environ. 18, 409–416.
Bai, H., Lu, C. and Ling, Y. M.: 1995, ‘A theoretical study on the evaporation of dry ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate aerosols’, Atmos. Environ. 29, 313–321.
Barth, M. C., Rasch, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., Benkovitz, C. M. and Schwartz, S. E.: 2000, ‘Sulfur chemistry in the National Research Community climate model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry’, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1387–1415.
Carmichael, G. R., Hong, M.-S., Ueda, H., Chen, L.-L., Murano, K., Park, J. K., Lee, H., Kim, Y., Kang, C. and Shim, S.: 1997, ‘Aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6047–6061.
CH2M Hill (China) Limited: 2002, Study of Air Quality in the Pearl River Delta Region, Final Report for the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Reference R0355.01, April 2002. Hong Kong. Chapter 3.
Chan, Y. C., Simpson, R. W., Mctainsh, G. H., Vowles, P. D., Cohen, D. D. and Bailey, G. M.: 1999, ‘Source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Brisbane (Australia) by receptor modeling’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 3251–3268.
Chan, L. Y., Kwok, W. S., Lee, S. C. and Chan, C. Y.: 2001, ‘Spatial variation of mass concentration of roadside suspended particulate matter in metropolitan Hong Kong’, Atmos. Environ. 35, 3167–3176.
Cheng, Z. L., Lam, L. Y., Chan, T. W. and Cheng, K. K.: 2000, ‘Chemical characteristics of aerosol in Hong Kong. I., Seasonal variation of major ions, halogens and minerals dusts between 1995 to 1996’, Atmos. Environ. 34, 2771–2783.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lu, Z. Q., Lowenthal, D. H., Frazier, C. A., Solomon, P. A., Thuillier, R. H. and Magliano, K.: 1996, ‘Descriptive analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX’, Atmos. Environ. 30, 2079–2112.
Colin, J. L. and Jaffrezo, J. L.: 1990, ‘Solubility of major species in precipitation: Factors of variation’, Atmos. Environ. 24A, 537–544.
Dockery, D. W. and Pope III, C. A.: 1994, ‘Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution’, Ann. Rev. Public Health 15, 107–132.
Fang, G. C., Chang, C. N., Wu, Y. S., Fu, P. P. C., Yang, D. G. and Chu, C. C.: 1999, ‘Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in suburban and rural sites of central Taiwan’, Sci. Tot. Environ. 234, 203–212.
Fang, G. C., Chang, C. N., Wu, Y. S., Fu, P. P. C., Yang, C. J., Chen, C. D. and Chang, S. C.: 2002, ‘Ambient suspended particulate matters and related chemical species study in central Taiwan, Taichung during 1998-2001’, Atmos. Environ. 36, 1921–1928.
Government Printer: 1996, Hong Kong 1996: a review of 1995, Hong Kong Government Publications, Appendix 42.
Heintzenberg, J. and Muller, K.: 1998, ‘Mass-related aerosol properties over the Leipzig basin’, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13125–13135.
Heywood, G. S. P.: 1953, Surface pressure-patterns and weather around the year in Hong Kong, Technical Memoir No. 6, Royal Observatory, Hong Kong, Government Printer.
HKO: 1999, Monthly weather summary, Jan-Dec 1999, Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong.
Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Yu, J. C., Zou, S. C. and Fung, K.: 2002, ‘Carbonaceous characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter in Hong Kong’, Sci. Tot. Environ. 300, 59–67.
Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Chan, C. K., Yu, J. C., Chow, J. C. and Yao, X. H.: 2003, ‘Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Hong Kong’, Atmos. Environ. 37, 31–39.
Kaneyasu, N., Ohta, S. and Murao, N.: 1995, ‘Seasonal-variation in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous species in Sapporo, Japan’, Atmos. Environ. 29, 1559–1568.
Kok, G. L., Lind, J. A. and Fang, M.: 1997, ‘An airborne study of air quality around the Hong Kong Territory’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 19043–19057.
Lee, D. S., Garland, J. A. and Fox, A. A.: 1994, ‘Atmospheric concentration of trace elements in urban areas of the United Kingdom’, Atmos. Environ. 28, 2691–2713.
Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. P., Moon, K. C., Kim, H. K. and Lee, C. B.: 2001, ‘Fine particle measurement at two background sites in Korea between 1996 and 1997’, Atmos. Environ. 35, 635–643.
Lee, Y. L. and Sequeira, R.: 2002, ‘Water-soluble aerosol and visibility degradation in Hong Kong during autumn and early winter, 1998’, Environ. Poll. 116, 225–233.
Man, C. K. and Shih, M. Y.: 2001, ‘Identification of sources of PM10 aerosols in Hong Kong by wind trajectory analysis’, J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 1213–1223.
Pakkanen, T. A., Loukkola, K., Korhonen, C. H., Aurela, M., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R. E., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Kousa, A. and Masnhaut, W.: 2001, ‘Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area’, Atmos. Environ. 35, 5381–5391.
Pathak, R. K., Louie, P. K. K. and Chan, C. K.: 2004, ‘Characteristics of aerosol acidity in Hong Kong’, Atmos. Environ. 38, 2965–2974.
Qin, Y., Chan, C. K. and Chan, L. Y.: 1997, ‘Characteristics of chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols in Hong Kong: Spatial and seasonal distributions’, Sci. Tot. Environ. 206, 25–37.
Qin, Y. and Oduyemi, K.: 2003, ‘Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol in Dundee, UK’, Atmos. Environ. 37, 93–104.
Radke, L. F., Hobbs, P. V. and Eltgroth, M. W.: 1980, ‘Scavenging of aerosol particles by precipitation’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 19, 715–722.
Satsangi, G. S., Lakhani, A., Khare, P., Singh, S. P., Kumari, K. M. and Srivastava, S. S.: 2002, ‘Measurements of major ion concentration in settled coarse particles and aerosols at a semiarid rural site in India’, Environ. Int. 28, 1–7.
SCMP: 2005, ‘Decline in air quality cuts lifespan by 16 months’, South China Morning Post, 3 January 2005.
Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: 2000, ‘Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO2, NO x , and CO’, Atmos. Environ. 34, 363–374.
Tanner, P. A. and Wong, A. Y.-S.: 1997, ‘Atmospheric gases, particulates and rainfall concentrations during summer rain events’, Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 67, 185–202.
Tanner, P. A.: 1999, ‘Analysis of Hong Kong daily bulk and wet deposition data from 1994–1995’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 1757–1766.
Tanner, P. A. and Wong, A. Y.-S.: 2000, ‘Soluble trace metals and major ionic species in the bulk deposition and atmosphere of Hong Kong’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 122, 261–279.
Tanner, P. A., Law, P. T. and Tam, W. F.: 2001, ‘Comparison of aerosol and dry deposition sampled at two sites in Southern China’, J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 461–472.
Tsai, C.-J. and Perng, S.-N.: 1998, ‘Artifacts of ionic species for hi-vol PM10 and PM10 dichotomous samplers’, Atmos. Environ. 32, 1605–1613.
Yao, X., Fang, M. and Chan, C. K.: 2003, ‘The size dependence of chloride depletion in fine and coarse sea-salt particles’, Atmos. Environ. 37, 743–751.
Wai, K. M. and Tanner, P. A.: 2002, ‘Monitoring long-term variation of aerosol composition: A dual particle-size approach applied to Hong Kong’, Environ. Monit. Assess. 79, 275–286.
Wakamatsu, S., Utsunomiya, A., Han, J. S., Mori, A., Uno, I. and Uehara, K.: 1996, ‘Seasonal variation in atmospheric aerosols concentration covering northern Kyushu, Japan and Seoul, Korea’, Atmos. Environ. 30, 2343–2354.
Wolff, G. T.: 1984, ‘On the nature of nitrate in coarse continental aerosols’, Atmos. Environ. 22, 1649–1656.
Zar, J. H.: 1984, Biostatistical Analysis, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 2nd Ed. Chapters 7 and 19.
Zhang, X. Y., Cao, J. J., Li, L. M., Arimoto, R., Cheng, Y., Huebert, B. and Wang, D.: 2002, ‘Characterization of atmospheric aerosol over Xian in the south margin of the loess plateau, China’, Atmos. Environ. 36, 4189–4199.
Zhuang, H., Chan, C. K., Fang, M. and Wexler, A. S.: 1999a, ‘Size distributions of particulate sulphate, nitrate and ammonium at a coastal site in Hong Kong’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 843–853.
Zhuang, H., Chan, C. K., Fang, M. and Wexler, A. S.: 1999b, ‘Formation of nitrate and non-sea-salt sulfate on coarse particles’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 4223–4233.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kan, S.F., Tanner, P.A. Inter-Relationships and Seasonal Variations of Inorganic Components of Pm10 in a Western Pacific Coastal City. Water Air Soil Pollut 165, 113–130 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-4642-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-4642-7