Abstract
Low-impact development (LID) facilities constitute an important element of sponge cities. In this paper, a system of siting suitability indicators was established for green roofs, permeable pavement and rain gardens. Based on the ArcGIS superposition analysis tool, the suitable area and area upper limit of LID facilities in each subcatchment were determined. Nonlinear functions of the LID deployment area and various rainfall characteristics were constructed using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) as a surrogate model. The results showed that (1) the upper limit of the suitable area for green roof deployment in each subcatchment ranged from 5.46% to 22.87%. The upper limit of the suitable area for permeable pavement application varied between 8.31% and 23.65%. The upper limit of the suitable area for rain garden deployment varied between 18.12% and 36.95%; (2) a final LID facility layout scheme was selected at a total outflow of 10,700 m3, peak discharge of 3.49 m3/s and total investment of 0.76 billion yuan during the construction and management period; (3) the total outflow reduction rate under the LID model ranged from 32.15% to 40.29%, and the peak discharge reduction rate ranged from 17.93% to 36.20%; (4) the computation time of the surrogate optimization model could be reduced to 0.37% of that of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) conventional numerical optimisation. Herein, the surrogate model can be used to determine the optimal solution for the LID facility placement area assuming fixed reduction amounts of the outflow and peak discharge.
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Data Availability
The data during the current study are publicly available in the Geospatial Data Cloud website, [https://www.gscloud.cn/] and Google Map, [https://www.google.com/maps/] .
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This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51779165 and 52009099.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were conducted by Jing Feng and Yuanyuan Yang. Analysis was performed by Jing Feng, Yuanyuan Yang and Jianzhu Li. Conception was conducted by Jing Feng and Yuanyuan Yang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jing Feng, Yuanyuan Yang and Jianzhu Li commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Feng, J., Yang, Y. & Li, J. Optimization of the Low-Impact Development Facility Area Based on a Surrogate Model. Water Resour Manage 37, 5789–5806 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03630-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03630-w