Abstract
An accurate analysis of water supply-demand situation is essential to solve the increasing contradiction between water resources distribution and socioeconomic development. In this study, a hierarchical index system is proposed for analysis of water supply-demand situation, taking account of the shortcomings of complicated analysis and ambiguous decision in the existing analysis method of water supply-demand situation. On the level of regulation direction, the main factors affecting water supply-demand balance are identified and expressed by two indices from both sides of water supply and demand. On the level of regulation strategy, four possible regulation strategies are proposed and expressed by five indices, two for water supply capacity and three for water demand. The proposed hierarchical index system has been successfully applied to the analysis of water supply-demand situation in Qingdao City, China. The results reveal that there is an imbalance between water supply and water demand in Qingdao, and it is necessary to divert water from other regions and improve agricultural water-use efficiency. The proposed hierarchical index system directly provides important insights into coordinated development of water resources and social economy, as well as the construction of trans-basin and trans-regional water transfer projects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi M, Sušnik J, Veerbeek W, Zevenbergen C (2020) Towards a global day zero? Assessment of current and future water supply and demand in 12 rapidly developing megacities. Sustain Cities Soc 61:102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102295
Booysen MJ, Visser M, Burger R (2019) Temporal case study of household behavioral response to Cape Town’s “Day Zero” using smart meter data. Water Res 149:414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.035
Bajany DM, Zhang LJ, Xu YX et al (2021) Optimisation Approach Toward Water Management and Energy Security in Arid/Semiarid Regions. Environ Process 8:1455–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-021-00537-9
Distefano T, Kelly S (2017) Are we in deep water? Water scarcity and its limits to economic growth. Ecol Econ 142:130–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.019
Dau QV, Kuntiyawichai K, Adeloye AJ (2021) Future Changes in Water Availability Due to Climate Change Projections for Huong Basin, Vietnam. Environ Process 8:77–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-020-00475-y
Höllermann B, Giertz S, Diekkrüger B (2010) Benin 2025—Balancing Future Water Availability and Demand Using the WEAP ‘Water Evaluation and Planning’ System. Water Resour Manage 24:3591–3613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9622-z
Hurlimann A, Wilson E (2018) Sustainable urban water management under a changing climate: The role of spatial planning. Water 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050546
Lv AF, Jia SF, Han Y (2016) Establishment and application of a water supply-demand balance simulation model for long-term supply-demand planning of Qinghai province. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology 14(5):01–06 (CHN)
Li S (2017) The ways to solve the lackness of Qingdao’s water. AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing LLC, 1839(1): 020018. https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4982383
McDonald RI, Weber K, Padowski J et al (2014) Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure. Global Environ Chang 27(1):96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.022
Mirdashtvan M, Najafinejad A, Malekian A et al (2021) Sustainable Water Supply and Demand Management in Semi-arid Regions: Optimizing Water Resources Allocation Based on RCPs Scenarios. Water Resour Manage 35:5307–5324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-03004-0
Paul N, Elango L (2018) Predicting future water supply-demand gap with a new reservoir, desalination plant and waste water reuse by water evaluation and planning model for Chennai megacity, India. Groundw Sustainable Dev 7:8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.02.005
Qin H, Cai X, Zheng C (2018) Water demand predictions for megacities: System dynamics modeling and implications. Water Policy 20(1):53–76. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.168
Ray B, Shaw R (2016) Water stress in the megacity of Kolkata, India, and its implications for urban resilience. Urban disasters and resilience in Asia 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802169-9.00020-3
Schütze M, Seidel J, Chamorro A, Leon C (2019) Integrated modelling of a megacity water system-The application of a transdisciplinary approach to the Lima metropolitan area. J Hydro 573:983–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.045
Sharafatmandrad M, Khosravi Mashizi A (2021) Temporal and Spatial Assessment of Supply and Demand of the Water-yield Ecosystem Service for Water Scarcity Management in Arid to Semi-arid Ecosystems. Water Resour Manage 35:63–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02706-1
Saleem A, Mahmood I, Sarjoughian H, Nasir HA, Malik AW (2021) A water evaluation and planning-based framework for the long-term prediction of urban water demand and supply. Simul-T Soc Mod Sim 97(5):323–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037549720984250
Veerbeek W (2017) Estimating the impacts of urban growth on future flood risk: A comparative study. CRC Press
WHO (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines
Wang T, You JJ, Yang Y (2020) Brief analysis of rigid and rational demand for water resources under land and space planning system. China Water Resources 21:23–25 (CHN)
You JJ, Yang Y, Wang T, Jiang YZ (2020) Preliminary studies on analysis methodology and controlling direction of water supply-demand situation. China Water Resources 21:20–22 (CHN)
Yang L, Wang L (2022) Comprehensive assessment of urban water resources carrying capacity based on basin unit: a case study of Qingdao, China. Water Supply 22(2):1347–1359. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.351
Funding
This study was funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province (Grant No. 21374201D), the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No. 2021YFC3001000)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52079143).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Authors Contributions All authors made a substantial contribution to this paper. Ting Wang designed the methods and analyzed the results of Qingdao; Jinjun You wrote the first draft of the manuscript; Zhenzhen Ma performed the calculations of Qingdao; Ping Xiao made the figures and tables. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, and authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, T., You, J., Ma, Z. et al. A Hierarchical Index System for Analysis of Water Supply-Demand Situation. Water Resour Manage 36, 4485–4498 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03222-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03222-0