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Assessment the Quality of Bottled Drinking Water Through Mamdani Fuzzy Water Quality Index

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Abstract

In this investigation, an innovative index was developed based on the fuzzy inference system for assessing the quality of bottled drinking waters. A method was developed to aggregate the values obtained from the defuzzification step. A total number of 24 quality parameters revealing the characteristics of bottled were in terms of physiochemical, dietary, toxic, and pathogenic aspects were selected as the input parameters. 30 samples were taken from the independent brands found in the Hamadan province retail market to evaluate the bottled water quality index (BWQI). Results show that the values obtained from measuring the parameters are in the range of the standard levels set by national regulations. The BWQI scores obtained from samples were in the range of 61.2-73.8 attributing to the marginal and fair descriptive classes. The drinking bottled water samples had better scores because of low contents of NO3, NO2, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn that are subjugated public distribution systems having the severe standards on urban water treatment plants for in case safe water. The mineral bottled water samples examination indicated that they are generally affected by the mineral contents of sedimentary rocks and NO3 leaks from fertilizers used in the agricultural doings and also they do not elaborate the rigorous scrutiny system alike those donned in the public water distribution systems. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo algorithm reveals that the parameters NO3, Na, hardness, and NO2 have the most impact on the BWQI scores.

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taken from Hamadan province retails (a), the number of brands belonged to the assigned categories (b)

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for financial funding (Number of Grant: 9705022492) and charge to instruments in this work.

Funding

Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Number of Grant: 9705022492)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDHRC), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Ghorban Asgari, Ensieh Komijani & Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Mohammad Khazaei

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  1. Ghorban Asgari
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  2. Ensieh Komijani
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  3. Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi
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  4. Mohammad Khazaei
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Mohammad Khazaei and Ensieh Komijani. Ghorban Asgari and Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Khazaei.

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Asgari, G., Komijani, E., Seid-Mohammadi, A. et al. Assessment the Quality of Bottled Drinking Water Through Mamdani Fuzzy Water Quality Index. Water Resour Manage 35, 5431–5452 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-03013-z

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