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Predicting Salinization Trends in a Lowland Coastal Aquifer: Comacchio (Italy)

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Abstract

The coastal aquifer salinization is an urgent problem caused by groundwater resources overexploitation and climate change. This phenomenon is enhanced in areas lying below the sea level, like the polders in the Netherlands or the Po River lowland in Italy. In these reclaimed lands the saltwater intrusion is usually controlled by a network of irrigation canals that supplies freshwater to the shallow aquifer, maintaining soil salinity at acceptable levels. The 2012 was dramatic in terms of agricultural water supply, since the Po River plain experienced a prolonged drought. Despite this, continuous monitoring of piezometric heads and total dissolved solids (TDS) near a canal (Canale della Gronda) demonstrated that freshening was occurring in the shallow portion (first 4 m) of the unconfined aquifer, while the bottom part was characterized by elevated relic salinity. The two-dimensional model SEAWAT was calibrated using piezometric heads and TDS depth profiles measured along a transect perpendicular to the canal. The calibrated model was then used to predict the behaviour of this cross section using a multiple scenario approach: increase in evapotranspiration induced by temperature increase; increase in the frequency of extreme high rainfall events; extreme drought conditions; and canal dewatering due to salinization of the water courses. Moreover, for each scenario, two sub-scenarios were run to account for projected sea level rise. The first three scenarios had only a minor influence on the aquifer salinization rate, while the fourth one predicted serious upward flux of the high salinity groundwater actually residing in the bottom of the unconfined aquifer. The scenarios quantified the possible future effects on groundwater salinization and could be useful to find adaptation strategies to manage the water resources of this and similar areas.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully thank Paolo Severi from the Geological, Seismic and Soil Survey of Emilia-Romagna Region for his technical support and ARPA SIMC for the meteorological data. We would also thank three anonymous reviewers that contributed to improve the manuscript with their suggestions and comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Nicolò Colombani

  2. Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Via Sant’Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy

    Nicolò Colombani & Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani

  3. Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy

    Micòl Mastrocicco & Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani

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  1. Nicolò Colombani
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  2. Micòl Mastrocicco
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  3. Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani
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Correspondence to Micòl Mastrocicco.

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Colombani, N., Mastrocicco, M. & Giambastiani, B.M.S. Predicting Salinization Trends in a Lowland Coastal Aquifer: Comacchio (Italy). Water Resour Manage 29, 603–618 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0795-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0795-8

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