Abstract
Water supply and sanitation systems using the supply-driven approach have not met the demands of consumers. Systems are also facing problems of underuse, poor maintenance and inadequate cost recovery. This study reports about approaches used by water and sanitation program implementers in Shebedino District, a rural area in Ethiopia. A community-based study was conducted using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and a structured questionnaire. A total of 635 households were studied. The supplier-induced approach was found to be the main approach used by program implementers. The involvement of beneficiary communities at different stages of the projects was limited. Water and sanitation services were subsidized by implementing agencies but households were dissatisfied with the outcomes. More than 88 % of respondents stated that they did not have any relevant skills or expertise to enable them to maintain the facilities. Logistic regression analysis results showed that approaches used by sanitation program implementers were statistically associated with sex of household heads (2.144, AOR 95 % Cl: 1.520–3.025), family size (1.554, AOR 95 % CI: 1.100–2.196), subsidy (1.699, AOR 95 % CI: 0.390–0.921) and occupation (15.196, AOR 95 % CI: 1.946–118.660). However, no statistical significant association was found among age, sex, marital status, income, family size, education and occupation and approaches used by water program implementers. Generally, the unsatisfactory results of the supplier-induced approach (80.8 % for water and 33.1 % for sanitation facilities) point out the need for program implementers to give more attention to the demands and preferences of users.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abaire B (2004) CRS experience on water supply and sanitation. Catholic Relief Servics Ethiopia Program, Addis Ababa
Admassu M, Kumie A, Fantahun M (2003) Sustainability of drinking water supply projects in rural North Gondar, Ethiopia. EJHD 17:221–229
Australian Government (2005) Gender Guidelines. Water supply and sanitation, supplement to the guide to gender and development.
Bhandari B, Grant M (2007) User satisfaction and sustainability of drinking water schemes in rural communities of Nepal. SSPP 3:12–20, http://docs.watsan.net/Downloaded_Files/PDF/AUSAID-2005-Gender.pdf Acessed 25 April 2011
Bibby S, Knapp A(2007) From burden to communal responsibility: A sanitation success story from southern regions in Ethiopia. Sanitation and Hygiene Series Field Notes. http://water.worldbank.org/publications/burden-communal-responsibility-sanitation-success-story-southern-region-ethiopia Accessed 11 Januray 2011
Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro (2006) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR179/FR179[23June2011].pdf Accessed 14 June 2011
Dayal R, van Wijk C, Mukherjee N (2000) Methodology for participatory assessments with communities, institutions and policy makers: Linking sustainability with demand, gender and poverty. World Bank, Washington
Deveerill P, Bibby S, Wedgwood A, Ian S (2002) Designing water supply and sanitation projects to meet demand in rural and peri-urban communities. Book 1: Concepts, principles and practice. London: Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University
Deverill P, Smout I (2000) Designing to meet demand: Putting users first. 26th WEDC conference, water, sanitation and hygiene, challenges of the millennium. Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University, Dhaka
Gleitsmann B, Kroma MM, Steenhuis T (2007) Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability. NAT RESOUR FORUM 31:142–150
Harvey P, Reed B (2007) Community-managed water supplies in Africa: Sustainable or dispensable? Community Dev J 42(3):365–378
Hubbard B, Sarisky J, Gelting R, Baffigo V, Seminario R, Centurion C (2011) A community demand-driven approach toward sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure development. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214:326–334
Huuhtanen S, Laukkanen A (2006) A Guide to sanitation and hygiene for those working in developing countries. Version I ed. http://www.drytoilet.org/pdf/Sanitation_Guide.pdf Accessed 15 Feburary 2011
IVO, ICTA, ITN-BUET, CEDECON (2008) Capacity building for enhancing local participation in water supply and sanitation interventions in poor urban areas. http://www.buet.ac.bd/itn/cwp/documents/trainingmaterials/DocumentVolumeI.pdf Accessed 16 April 2011
JMP (2008) World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/contents.pdf Accessed 10 August 2011
Kamminga E, Schuringa MW (2005) HIV/AIDS and water, sanitation and hygiene. Thematic Overview Paper. http://www.kit.nl/net/KIT_Publicaties_output/showfile.aspx?e=560. Accessed 10 June 2011
Mukherjee S, Shah Z, Kumer MD (2010) Sustaining urban water supplies in India: Increasing role of large reservoirs. Water Resour Manag 24(10):2035–2055
Murray B (2011) Effective emergency WASH response using demand-driven methods: A case study from Afghanistan. 35th WEDC international conference, Loughborough, UK
Mutume G (2004) Rough road to sustainable development: Water, sanitation and housing among Africa’s environment priorities. Africa Renewal 18(2):19
Nam P, Son T (2005) Household demand for improved water services in Ho Chi Minh City: A comparison of contingent valuation and choice modeling estimates. Economy and Environment Program for South-East Asia, Singapore
Pagano M, Gauvreau K (2000) Principles of biostatics. Brooks/Cole, USA
Prasad VL (2002) Sustainable environmental sanitation and water services, Whither Partnership. 28th WEDC International Conference, Kolkata, India
Prokopy LS (2005) The relationship between participation and project outcomes: Evidence from rural water supply projects in India. World Dev 33(11):1801–1819
Prokopy LS (2009) Determinants and benefits of household level participation in rural drinking water projects in India. J Dev Studies 45(4):471–495
Sanan D, Moulik S (2007) Community-led total sanitation in rural areas: An approach that works. New Delhi: Water and Sanitation Program- South Asia. http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/WSP-Community%20Led.pdf Accessed 08 May 2011
Sutton S (2005) The Sub-Saharan potential for household level water supply improvement:. In: Kayaga S (ed.) Maximizing the benefits from water and environmental sanitation.31st WEDC International Conference, Kampala, Uganda.ppWS1
UNICEF/WHO (2009) Diarrhoea: Why Children are Still Dying and what can be done. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf Accessed 03 August 2012
Vjctora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, Maria O (1997) The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: A hierarchical approach. Int J of Epidemiol 26:224–227
Warner D, Abate C(2003) Guidelines for the development of small-scale rural water supply and sanitation projects in Ethiopia: A policy and planning framework for activities funded by USAID under the Title II (Food for Peace) program http://www.crsprogramquality.org/storage/pubs/watsan/sanitation_projects_ethiopia.pdf Accessed 12 August 2012
Whittington D, Davis J, Prokopy L, Komives K, Thorsten R, Lukacs H, Bakalian A, Wakeman W (2008) BWPI Working Paper 22: How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water supply systems doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru, and Ghana. Brooks World Poverty Institute 22:1–26
WHO/UNICEF (2008) Joint report on water supply and sanitation progress. UNICEF, Geneva and World Health Organization, New York
WHO/UNICEF (2012) Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation: Estimate for the use of improved drinking water sources. Ethiopia. pp 2–3
WHO/UNICEF (2012) Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation: Estimate for the use of improved drinking water sources. Ethiopia. pp 5.
UN(2010) Water for sustainable urban human settlements. Briefing note http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002112/211294e.pdf Accessed 11 August 2012
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baye, S., Kloos, H., Mulat, W. et al. Assessment on the Approaches Used for Water and Sanitation Programs in Southern Ethiopia. Water Resour Manage 26, 4295–4309 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0145-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0145-7