Abstract
The objectives of this paper were to determine evapotranspiration (ET) from an oak-beech dominated forest ecosystem in Belgrad Forest near Istanbul, Turkey by using catchment water balance method and compare it with potential evapotranspiration (PET) computed by using Thornthwaite method. Data, in this study, were derived from a long-term hydrological research conducted in Belgrad Forest. Long-term stream flow measurements (1979–1995) were conducted with concrete sharp-crested V-notch weirs instrumented with automatic water level recorders in two close experimental watersheds. ET values of the watersheds were determined by using water balance equation. Average annual ET values from the old growth oak-beech forest ecosystem during the monitoring period of 17 years were around 833.20 mm for W-I and 752.07 mm for W-IV whereas PET estimated according to Thornthwaite method was found to be 726.14 mm. In other words, 79.68%, and 71.93% of mean annual precipitation evaporated from W-I and W-IV, respectively while 69.45% of precipitation evaporated according to Thornthwaite method. PET estimated with Thornthwaite method differed significantly only from W-I whereas W-I and W-IV had similar ET values.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balcı AN, Özyuvacı N, Özhan S (1986) Sediment and nutrient discharge through stream water from two experimental watersheds in mature oak-beech forest ecosystems near Istanbul, Turkey. J Hydrol 85:31–47
Brooks KN, Ffolliott PF, Gregersen HM, Thames JL (1996) Hydrology and the management of watersheds. Iowa State University Press, Ames
Chauhan S, Shrivastava RK (2009) Performance evaluation of reference evapotranspiration estimation using climate based methods and artificial neural network. Water Resour Manag 23:825–837
Çepel N (1988) Orman ekolojisi (In Turkish). Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul (publication no: 337)
Gash JHC, Valente F, David JS (1999) Estimates and measurements of evaporation from wet, sparse pine forest in Portugal. Agric Forest Meteorol 94:149–158
Gokbulak F, Serengil Y, Özhan S, Özyuvacı N, Balcı AN (2008) Effect of timber harvest on physical water quality characteristics. Water Resour Manag 22:635–649
Grelle A, Linroth A, Mölder M (1999) Seasonal variation of boreal forest surface conductance and evaporation. Agric Forest Meteorol 98–99:563–578
Hamilton LS (2008) Forest and water. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Forestry Paper 155)
Horton RE (1923) Transpiration by forest trees. In: Evapotranspiration and watershed research as related to riparian and phreatophyte management. An abstract bibliography, no: 1234 (compiled by J.S. Horton). Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, p 27
Horton JS (1966) Problems of land management in the warious phreatophyte zones. In: Evapotranspiration and watershed research as related to riparian and phreatophyte management. An abstract bibliography, no: 1234 (compiled by J.S. Horton). US Department of Agriculture, p 18
Horton JS (1973) Evapotranspiration and watershed research as related to riparian and phreatophyte management. An abstract bibliography, no: 1234. US Department of Agriculture
Jassal RS, Black TA, Spittlehouse DL, Brümmer C, Nesic Z (2009) Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in different-aged Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stands. Agric Forest Meteorol 149:1168–1178
Kelliher FM, Hollinger DY, Schulze E-D, Vygodskaya NN, Byers JN, Hunt JE, McSeveny TM, Milukova I, Sogatchev A, Varlargin A, Ziegler W, Arneth A, Bauer G (1997) Evaporation from an eastern Siberian larch forest. Agric Forest Meteorol 85:135–147
King HW, Brater EF (1959) Handbook of hydraulics, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Komatsu H, Tanaka N, Kume T (2007) Do coniferous forests evaporate more water than broad-leaved forests in Japan? J Hydrol 336:361–375
Kosugi Y, Katsuyama M (2007) Evapotranspiration over a Japanese cypress forest. II. Comparison of eddy covariance and water budget methods. J Hydrol 334:305–311
Leopoldo PR, Franken WK, Nova NAV (1995) Real evapotranspiration and transpiration through a tropical rain forest in central Amazonia as estimated by the water balance method. Forest Ecol Manag 73(1–3):185–195
Lewis D, Singer MJ, Dahlgren RA, Tate KW (2000) Hydrology in a California oak woodland watershed: a 17-year study. J Hydrol 240(1–2):106–117
Minckler LS (1939) Transpiration trees and forests. In: Evapotranspiration and watershed research as related to riparian and phreatophyte management. An abstract bibliography, no: 1234 (compiled by J.S. Horton). US Department of Agriculture, p 113
MEF (2006) Orman varlığımız. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Directorate of Forestry, Ankara
MEF (2007) Forest ecosystems monitoring Level I and Level II programmes in Turkey. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Directorate of Forestry, National Focal Centre, Ankara
Molchanow AA (1963) The hydrological role of forests. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (translated from Russian)
Newson M (1997) Land, water and development. Sustainable management of river basin systems, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Taylor & Francis, New York
Özhan S (1977) Belgrad ormanı Ortadere yağış havzasında ölü örtünün hidrolojik bakımdan önemli özelliklerinin bazı yöresel etkenlere göre değişimi. Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry Publication Number: 235, Istanbul (in Turkish)
Özhan S (1982) Belgrad ormanındaki bazı meşçerelerde evapotranspirasyonun deneysel olarak saptanması ve sonuçların ampirik modellerle karşılaştırılması (In Turkish). Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul (Publication number 235)
Özhan S, Balcı AN, Özyuvacı N, Hızal A, Gokbulak F, Serengil Y (2005) Determination of cover and management factor of the Universal Soil-Loss Equation for forest ecosystems in Marmara Region, Turkey. Forest Ecol Manag 214:118–123
Özyuvacı N, Özhan S, Gokbulak F, Serengil Y, Balcı AN (2004) Effect of selective cutting on streamwater in an oak-beech forest ecosystem. Water Resour Manag 18:249–262
Rich LR (1952) Forest and range vegetation. Amer Soc Civil Eng Trans 117:974–990
Rim CS (2000) A comparison of approaches for evapotranspiration estimation. KSCE J Civ Eng 4:47–52
Schwinning S, Starr BI, Ehleringer JR (2005) Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake. J Arid Environ 60:547–566
Shiau SY, Davar KS (1973) Modified Penman method for potential evapotranspiration from forest regions. J Hydrol 18(3–4):349–365
SMW (1996) Meteorological data for Bahçeköy. Bahçeköy, Istanbul
Thornthwaite CW (1954) A re-examination of the concept and measurement of potential evapotranspiration. In the measurement of potential evapotranspiration, vol 7, no 1. The Johns Hopkins University, Laboratory of Climatology Publications in Climatology
Thornthwaite CW, Mather JR (1957) Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance, vol 10, no 3. Drexel Institute of Technology Laboratory of Climatology Publications in Climatology, Centerton
Trajkovic S, Kolakovic S (2009) Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration equations under humid conditions. Water Resour Manag 23:3057–3067
Veihmeyer FJ (1964) Evapotranspiration. In: Ven Te C (ed) Handbook of applied hydrology, chapter 11. McGraw-Hill, New York
Viessman W Jr, Lewis GL (2003) Introduction to hydrology, 5th edn. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River
Wanielista M, Kersten R, Eaglin R (1997) Hydrology water quantity and quality control. Wiley, New York
Wilson KB, Hanson PJ, Mulholland PJ, Baldocchi DD, Wullschleger SD (2001) A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance. Agric Forest Meteorol 106:153–168
Xu C-Y, Singh VP (2002) Cross comparison of empirical equations for calculating potential evapotranspiration with data from Switzerland. Water Resour Manag 16:197–219
Yaltırık F (1966) Belgrad ormanı vejetasyonunun floristik analizi ve ana meþcere tiplerinin kompozisyonu üzerinde araştırmalar. General Directorate of Forestry Publication Number: 6, Printing House of Dizerkonca, Istanbul (in Turkish)
Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical analysis, 3rd edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özhan, S., Gökbulak, F., Serengil, Y. et al. Evapotranspiration from a Mixed Deciduous Forest Ecosystem. Water Resour Manage 24, 2353–2363 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9555-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9555-6