Skip to main content
Log in

The Paradox of Integration: Work-Integration Social Enterprises (WISE) and Productivist Welfare Regime in Hong Kong

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

After the Asian Financial Crisis, the government of Hong Kong embraced the model of work-integration social enterprise (WISE) to sustain its facilitative and productivist welfare regime. Using the WISE of Pro-Love for marginalized women as a case study, the article examines the meaning of employment and social disadvantage in the organization. The ethnographic data reveal that while the WISE encourages women to participate in the paid labor market, it constructs employment in the social enterprise as part-time jobs for supplementary family income, restricts the extension of social networks for the female workers, and reinforces the cultural stereotypes of marginalized women. The study reflects on the mechanisms of the project of WISE in the welfare contexts of Hong Kong, and argues that programs targeted at labor participation cannot be automatically translated into reduction of exclusion in other domains. Long-term planning, policy coordination, and social advocacy are necessary to achieve social integration.

Résumé

Après la crise financière asiatique, le gouvernement de Hong Kong a adopté le modèle d’entreprise sociale d’insertion par le travail (WISE) pour soutenir son régime de protection sociale facilitateur et productiviste. En utilisant le modèle WISE des femmes marginalisées pour l’amour (Pro-Love) comme étude de cas, l’article étudie la signification de l’embauche et des désavantages sociaux au sein de l’organisme. Les données ethnographiques révèlent que même si le modèle encourage les femmes à intégrer le marché du travail salarié, il présente l’embauche dans l’entreprise sociale sous forme d’emplois à temps partiel offrant un revenu familial additionnel, restreint l’extension des réseaux sociaux des travailleuses et renforce les stéréotypes culturels des femmes marginalisées. L’étude traite des mécanismes du projet WISE dans les contextes de protection sociale de Hong Kong et avance que les programmes ciblant la participation de la main-d’œuvre ne peuvent pas automatiquement se traduire par la réduction de l’exclusion dans d’autres domaines. La planification à long terme, la coordination des politiques et la défense sociale sont requises pour concrétiser l’intégration sociale.

Zusammenfassung

Nach der Finanzkrise in Asien begrüßte die Regierung von Hongkong das Modell des Sozialunternehmens zur Arbeitsintegration (Work Integration Social Enterprise, WISE), um sein unterstützendes und produktivistisches Wohlfahrtssystem aufrechtzuerhalten. Der Artikel nimmt das WISE Pro-Love für marginalisierte Frauen als Fallstudie und untersucht die Bedeutung von Beschäftigung und sozialer Benachteiligung in der Organisation. Die ethnographischen Daten zeigen, dass das WISE Frauen zwar dabei unterstützt, am bezahlten Arbeitsmarkt teilzunehmen, gleichzeitig aber die Beschäftigung im Sozialunternehmen als Teilzeitjobs für ein zusätzliches Familieneinkommen konstruiert, die Erweiterung sozialer Netzwerke für die weiblichen Beschäftigten beschränkt und die kulturellen Klischees über marginalisierte Frauen bestärkt. Die Studie betrachtet die Mechanismen des WISE-Projekts im Wohlfahrtskontext in Hongkong. Man behauptet, dass Programme, die auf eine Erwerbsbeteiligung abzielen, nicht automatisch eine verminderte Exklusion in anderen Bereichen bedeuten. Zur Erzielung der sozialen Integration sind eine langfristige Planung, politische Koordination und soziale Interessenvertretung erforderlich.

Resumen

Tras la crisis financiera asiática, el gobierno de Hong Kong adoptó el modelo de empresa social de integración laboral (WISE, por sus siglas en inglés) para sustentar su régimen de bienestar productivista y de facilitación. Utilizando la WISE de Pro-Love para mujeres marginadas como estudio de caso, el presente artículo examina el significado de empleo y desventaja social en la organización. Los datos etnográficos revelan que mientras que la WISE alienta a las mujeres a participar en el mercado laboral pagado, construye empleo en la empresa social como trabajos a tiempo parcial para obtener ingresos familiares suplementarios, restringe la ampliación de las redes sociales para las trabajadoras, y refuerza los estereotipos culturales de las mujeres marginadas. El estudio reflexiona sobre los mecanismos del proyecto de WISE en los contextos del bienestar de Hong Kong, y argumenta que los programas dirigidos a la participación laboral no pueden ser traducidos automáticamente en reducción de la exclusión en otros dominios. La planificación a largo plazo, la coordinación política, y la defensa social son necesarias para lograr la integración social.

摘要

经过亚洲经融危机后,香港政府采用工作融合社会企业 (WISE) 模式来保持其促进型的生产主义福利体制。使用边缘化女性的WISE of Pro-Love作为案例研究,本文检查了组织中的就业和社会劣势的含义。人种数据表明,尽管WISE鼓励女性参与有薪劳动力市场,但和将社会企业的就业作为补充家庭收入的兼职工作,限制女性员工的社交网络,同时增强边缘化女性的文化固定模式。研究反应出相关福利背景下的WISE项目机制,并认为针对劳动力参与的计划无法自动转化为减少其他领域的排斥。需要长期规划、政策协调和社会倡导才能实现社会融合。

ملخص

بعد الأزمة المالية الآسيوية، تبنت حكومة هونج كونج نموذج عمل تكامل المشاريع الإجتماعية (WISE) للحفاظ على نظام رعاية التيسير و زيادة الإنتاج. باستخدام عمل تكامل المشاريع الإجتماعية (WISE) محترف الحب للمرأة المهمشة كدراسة حالة، يدرس البحث معنى العمل والحرمان الإجتماعي في المنظمة. تكشف البيانات الإثنوغرافية أنه في حين يشجع عمل تكامل المشاريع الإجتماعية (WISE) مشاركة المرأة في سوق العمل المدفوع الأجر، فإنه يبني العمل في المؤسسة الاجتماعية، على وظائف بدوام جزئي لدخل الأسرة التكميلي، يقيد تمديد الشبكات الاجتماعية للعاملات، ويعزز الثقافية الصور النمطية للمرأة المهمشة. وتعكس هذه الدراسة على آليات مشروع عمل تكامل المشاريع الإجتماعية (WISE) في سياقات الرعاية من هونج كونج، وتقول أن البرامج التي تستهدف المشاركة في سوق العمل لا يمكن أن يترجم تلقائيا إلى الحد من الإقصاء في المجالات الأخرى. التخطيط على المدى الطويل، وتنسيق السياسات، والدعوة الإجتماعية ضرورية لتحقيق التكامل الاجتماعي.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. According to the current exchange rate, 1 USD roughly equals to 8 HKD.

  2. Pseudo names are used for organizations and individuals to ensure confidentiality.

  3. Middle-aged women are usually referred to as “Sisters” in Hong Kong, and the women employees use the term to call themselves and each other.

References

  • Antoniou, A., & Cooper, C. (2013). The psychology of recession on the workplace. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, T. (1998). Social exclusion, poverty and unemployment. London: London School of Economics: Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burawoy, M. (1998). The extended case method. The Sociological Theory, 16(1), 4–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchardt, T., Le Grand, J., & Piachaud, D. (2002). Degree of exclusion: Developing a dynamic, multidimensional measure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. M., & Yuen, Y. K. (2013). An overview of social enterprise development in China and Hong Kong. Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Sciences and Humanities, 5, 165–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, S., & Lee, C. K. (1997). After the Hong Kong miracle: Women workers under industrial restructuring. Asian Survey, 37(8), 752–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai, H. (2016). The making of “modern female workers” in reemployment programs in post-socialist China. Social Service Review, 90(2), 235–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Social Welfare HKSAR. (2015). Retrieved March 25, 2015, from http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/sub_comprehens/.

  • Gallie, D. (2004). Resisting marginalization: Unemployment experience and social policy in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, P. Y., & Chan, K. T. (2010). The social impact of work-integration social enterprise in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 53(1), 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobcraft, J. (2002). Intergenerational and family links. London: London School of Economics: Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, I. (2000). Productivist welfare capitalism: Social policy in East Asia. Political Studies, 48(4), 706–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Home Affairs Bureau HKSAR. (2010). 20 Business strategies for social enterprises. Hong Kong: Home Affairs Bureau HKSAR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Council of Social Service. (2013). Power of good: Hong Kong social enterprise landscape study 2012–2013. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Council of Social Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. (2007). 2007-2008 Policy address: Social enterprises. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Information Service Department of HKSAR. (2014). Hong Kong: The facts. Hong Kong: Information Service Department of HKSAR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. K. (1998). Gender and the South China miracle: Two worlds of factory women. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, F. (2008). Mapping the regional social enterprise sector. Paper presented at the Social Enterprise Research Conference. London South Bank University, 26–27 June.

  • Martin, F., & Thompson, M. (2010). Social enterprise: Developing sustainable businesses. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Newendorp, N. (2008). Uneasy reunions: Immigration, citizenship, and family life in post-1997 Hong Kong. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, C. (1998). An inclusive society: Strategies for tackling poverty. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paugam, S. (1995). The spiral of precariousness: A multidimensional approach to the process of social disqualification in France. In G. Room (Ed.), Beyond the threshold: The measurement and analysis of social exclusion (pp. 201–221). Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percy-Smith, J. (2000). Policy responses to social exclusion: Towards inclusion?. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, L., & Le Grand, J. (2002). Outsider and insider expertise: The response of residents of deprived neighborhoods to an academic definition of social exclusion. Social Policy and Administration, 35, 496–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, M., McHugh, N., & O’Connor, C. (2014). Social innovation: Worklessness, welfare and well-being. Social Policy and Society, 13(3), 457–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabour, M. (1999). The socio-cultural exclusion and self-exclusion of foreigners in Finland: The case of Joensuu. In P. Littlewood (Ed.), Social exclusion in Europe: Problems and paradigms (pp. 51–62). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, S. (2012). Negotiating tensions: How do social enterprises in the homelessness field balance social and commercial considerations? Housing Studies, 27(4), 514–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, I. (2005). Social enterprise and social inclusion: Social enterprises in the sphere of work integration. International Journal of Public Administration, 28, 807–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R., & Mandiberg, J. (2006). An update on affirmative businesses or social firms for people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1488–1492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C. K., Chau, K., & Wong, T. (2002). Neither welfare state nor welfare society: The case of Hong Kong. Social Policy and Society, 1(4), 293–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youtube. (2014). Retrieved March 25, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dda62gMTnw8.

  • Zeng, Q., & Ngai, N. P. (2004). Unemployment and social exclusion: An analytical framework. Sociological Research, 3, 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to Ms. Yip Ning Yi, Ms. Chung Ching Man, Ms. Hua Yue, and Ms. Karon Li for their research assistance.

Funding

Research activities for this study were generously sponsored by a research grant under the South China Research Programme of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haijing Dai.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

Research activities for this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dai, H., Lau, Y. & Lee, K.H. The Paradox of Integration: Work-Integration Social Enterprises (WISE) and Productivist Welfare Regime in Hong Kong. Voluntas 28, 2614–2632 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9832-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9832-6

Keywords

Navigation