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Rethinking Nonprofit Commercialization: The Case of the Czech Republic

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Abstract

Some nonprofit economists tend to see nonprofit commercialization as a moral dilemma because commercial activities may secure organizational survival at the cost of undermining the mission orientation. The present paper argues that this type of moral framing of the commercialization debate is hardly adequate for the transitional context of the Czech nonprofit sector which is still struggling to develop its distinct institutional identity. Given that financial independence is part of this identity, commercial activities help nonprofits to emancipate themselves from the state that used to be paternalistic in the past. On this basis, the paper underscores the institutional nature of the commercialization phenomenon in the Czech Republic. Commercialization decisions of Czech nonprofit managers are shown to be heavily influenced by the current institutional and regulatory environment that explicitly promotes nonprofit self-financing initiatives. If nonprofit commercialization is understood as an institutional phenomenon, then its moral significance is best captured in terms of institutional ethics rather than individual ethics of nonprofit managers which seems to be predominant in the Anglo-Saxon literature. After presenting the recent empirical findings on self-financing, the paper concludes by stressing the interrelation between the semantic and ethical aspects of the commercialization concept.

Résumé

Des économistes du secteur sans but lucratif considèrent que sa commercialisation représente un dilemme moral, cela parce que ses activités pourraient en garantir la survie au prix de l’orientation de sa mission. Le présent article avance que ce type d’encadrement moral du débat sur la commercialisation est difficilement adéquat dans le contexte transitoire du secteur sans but lucratif tchèque, qui tente difficilement de créer son identité institutionnelle distincte. Entendu que l’indépendance financière fait partie de cette identité, les activités commerciales aident les organismes de bienfaisance à s’émanciper par rapport à l’État autrefois paternaliste. Sur ce principe, l’article souligne la nature institutionnelle du phénomène de commercialisation dans la République tchèque. Les décisions connexes prises par les directeurs d’organisme de bienfaisance tchèques semblent être fortement influencées par l’environnement institutionnel et réglementaire actuel, qui favorise explicitement les initiatives d’autofinancement. Si la commercialisation du secteur sans but lucratif est étudiée comme phénomène institutionnel, son importance morale est dès lors mieux saisie en termes d’éthique institutionnelle plutôt qu’individuelle des directeurs d’organisme de bienfaisance, ce qui semble prévaloir dans la documentation anglo-saxonne. Après avoir présenté des découvertes empiriques récentes sur l’autofinancement, l’article se conclut en traitant de l’interrelation qui existe entre les aspects sémantiques et éthiques du concept de commercialisation.

Zusammenfassung

Einige Ökonome im gemeinnützigen Bereich neigen dazu, die Kommerzialisierung gemeinnütziger Organisationen als ein moralisches Dilemma zu betrachten, weil das Fortbestehen der Organisationen mit Hilfe kommerzieller Aktivitäten unter Umständen auf Kosten der Missionsorientierung erzielt wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird behauptet, dass diese Form der moralischen Einstellung gegenüber der Kommerzialisierungsdebatte kaum für den vorübergehenden Kontext des tschechischen gemeinnützigen Sektors geeignet ist, der noch immer darum ringt, seine eigene institutionelle Identität zu entwickeln. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass die finanzielle Unabhängigkeit Teil dieser Identität ist, können sich gemeinnützige Organisationen mit Hilfe kommerzieller Aktivitäten vom Staat emanzipieren, der in der Vergangenheit eine paternalistische Rolle einnahm. Auf dieser Basis unterstreicht der Beitrag den institutionellen Charakter des Kommerzialisierungsphänomens in der Tschechischen Republik. Es zeigt sich, dass die Kommerzialisierungsentscheidungen von Leitern tschechischer gemeinnütziger Organisationenen stark vom gegenwärtigen institutionellen und regulatorischen Umfeld beeinflusst werden, das ausdrücklich die Selbstfinanzierungsinitiativen gemeinnütziger Organisationen fördert. Wenn die Kommerzialisierung des gemeinnützigen Bereichs als ein institutionelles Phänomen betrachtet wird, dann lässt sich die moralische Bedeutung am besten als institutionelle Ethik und nicht als individuelle Ethik der Leiter der gemeinnützigen Organisationen erfassen, wie es in der angelsächsischen Literatur überwiegend dargestellt wird. Nach einer Präsentation neuer empirischer Erkenntnisse zur Selbstfinanzierung betont der Beitrag abschließend die Wechselbeziehung zwischen den semantischen und ethischen Aspekten des Kommerzialisierungskonzepts.

Resumen

Algunos economistas del sector de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro tienden a ver la comercialización de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro como un dilema moral porque las actividades comerciales pueden asegurar la supervivencia organizativa al coste de socavar la orientación de la misión. El presente documento argumenta que este tipo de marco moral del debate de la comercialización no es adecuado para el contexto transicional del sector de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro checas que todavía está luchando por desarrollar su identidad institucional diferente. Dado que la independencia financiera es parte de esta identidad, las actividades comerciales ayudan a las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro a emanciparse del estado que solía ser paternalista en el pasado. Sobre esta base, el presente documento subraya la naturaleza del fenómeno de la comercialización en la República Checa. Se muestra que las decisiones de comercialización de los directores de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro checas están sumamente influenciadas por el actual entorno institucional y regulador que fomenta explícitamente las iniciativas de autofinanciación de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Si se entiende la comercialización de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro como un fenómeno institucional, entonces se capta mejor su significado moral en términos de ética institucional y no como ética individual de los directores de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro que parece ser predominante en el material publicado anglosajón. Después de presentar los recientes hallazgos empíricos sobre la autofinanciación, el presente documento concluye haciendo hincapié en la interrelación entre los aspectos semánticos y éticos del concepto de comercialización.

摘要

某些非营利性组织领域的经济学家倾向于将非营利性组织的商业化视作正常的两难现象,因为商业活动可以保证组织生存,但却可能对组织的使命产生负面影响。本文认为,捷克非营利性组织行业正处于转型阶段,其独特的公共机构身份特性正在形成中,在这一大背景下,这种商业化争论的道德框架存在不足。财务独立是这种身份特性的一部分,而商业活动有助于减弱非营利性组织对国家(而过去,国家是非常强势专断的)的依赖性。以此为基础,本文强调捷克共和国内非营利性组织商业化现象的制度性质。在本文中,我们展示了捷克非营利性组织管理者的商业化决定很大程度上受到当前体制与监管环境的影响,而该种体制与监管环境明确支持非营利性组织的各种财务独立计划。 如果将非营利性组织的商业化理解为一种体制现象,相比从非营利性组织管理者个人伦理的角度(在英语文献中,研究者多从这一角度出发)而言,从制度伦理(institutional ethics)角度出发,最能理解这种商业化活动的道德意义。在展示了关于经费自筹方面研究的实证性结果后,本文通过强调商业化概念的语义(semantic)与伦理方面的相互关系而得出结论。

ملخص

بعض إقتصادي المنظمات الغير ربحية يميل إلى رؤية منظمات التسويق الغير ربحية كمعضلة أخلاقية لأن الأنشطة التجارية قد تضمن البقاء التنظيمي على حساب تقليل قيمة توجيه البعثات. يجادل البحث الحالي أن هذا النوع من وضع إطار أخلاقي لنقاش التسويق لا يكاد يكفي لسياق إنتقالي من القطاع الغير الربحي التشيكي الذي لا يزال يكافح من أجل وضع هوية مؤسسية متميزة له. بالنظر إلى أن الإستقلال المالي هو جزء من هذه الهوية، أنشطة التسويق تساعد المنظمات الغير ربحية لتحرير نفسها من الدولة التي كانت وصية عليهم في الماضي.على هذا الأساس، البحث يؤكد الطابع المؤسسي لظاهرة الإستغلال التجاري في الجمهورية التشيكية. تبين قرارات التسويق لمديري المنظمات الغير الربحية التشيكية إنها تتأثر بشكل كبيرعن طريق البيئة المؤسسية والتنظيمية الحالية التي تشجع صراحة مبادرات التمويل الذاتي التي لا تهدف للربح. إذا تم فهم تسويق المنظمات الغير ربحية كظاهرة مؤسسية، إذن الأهمية الأخلاقية يتم فهمها أفضل فهم من حيث الأخلاق المؤسسية بدلا من الأخلاق الفردية من مديري المنظمات الغير ربحية والتي يبدو أنه السائد في الأدب الأنجلو ساكسوني. بعد عرض النتائج التجريبية الأخيرة على التمويل الذاتي، يختتم البحث بالتأكيد على الترابط بين الجوانب الدلالية والأخلاقية لمفهوم التسويق.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments. The first two authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Volkswagen Foundation. This contribution was also supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, No. GA16-13119S, and by the Grant Agency of Masaryk University in Brno, No. MUNI/A/1047/2015.

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Correspondence to Gabriela Vaceková.

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Vaceková, G., Valentinov, V. & Nemec, J. Rethinking Nonprofit Commercialization: The Case of the Czech Republic. Voluntas 28, 2103–2123 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9772-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9772-6

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