Abstract
Recent debate in Voluntas and elsewhere has paid a great deal of attention to the subject of mapping the nonprofit sector. However, very little attention has been paid to the ways in which the practice of mapping is a political mode of knowing and the ways in which knowing is governing. In this essay, we turn to critical theory and political anthropology in order to demonstrate how mapping as it is currently practiced is a mode of knowledge inquiry that facilitates statecraft. In light of these interdisciplinary perspectives, we wrestle with the implications of knowing—and thereby governing—voluntary collective organization in this manner. We conclude that this approach potentially disciplines the qualitative dimensions of democratic associational life and misrepresents the possibilities of social change.
Résumé
Le récent débat dans la revue Voluntas et ailleurs a accordé beaucoup d’attention à la question d’une cartographie du secteur à but non lucratif. Toutefois, on parle peu de la manière dont la pratique de la cartographie est un mode politique de connaissance et de la façon dont la connaissance est au pouvoir. Dans cet essai, nous nous tournons vers la théorie critique et l’anthropologie politique afin de démontrer comment la cartographie, telle qu’elle est pratiquée actuellement, est un mode d’examen de la connaissance qui facilite l’art de gouverner. En raison de ces perspectives interdisciplinaires, nous nous attaquons aux implications de la connaissance – au pouvoir – de l’organisation collective bénévole de cette manière. Nous concluons que cette approche nuit potentiellement aux dimensions qualitatives de la vie associative démocratique et dénature les possibilités de changement social.
Zusammenfassung
Das Thema Mapping des gemeinnützigen Sektors erhielt in jüngsten Diskussionen in Voluntas und anderswo große Aufmerksamkeit. Allerdings wurde die Art und Weise, in der die Praxis des Mapping einen politischen Wissensmodus darstellt und die Art und Weise, in der Wissen Steuerung ist, kaum angesprochen. In dieser Abhandlung greifen wir auf die Kritische Theorie und die politische Anthropologie zurück, um zu demonstrieren, wie das Mapping in seiner derzeitigen Praxis ein Modus der Wissenssammlung ist, die die Staatskunst ermöglicht. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser interdisziplinären Perspektiven ringen wir mit den Implikationen des Wissens über - und somit der Steuerung von - gemeinnützigen kollektiven Organisation auf diese Weise. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass dieser Ansatz die qualitativen Dimensionen des demokratischen Vereinslebens potenziell diszipliniert und die Möglichkeiten des sozialen Wandels falsch darstellt.
Resumen
Debates recientes en Voluntas y en otras partes han prestado una gran atención al tema de cartografiar el sector de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Sin embargo, se ha prestado muy poca atención a las formas en las que la práctica de la cartografía es un modo político de conocer y las formas en las que conocer es gobernar. En el presente ensayo, volvemos a la teoría crítica y a la antropología política con el fin de demostrar como la cartografía tal como se practica actualmente es un modo de investigación del conocimiento que facilita el arte de gobernar. A la luz de estas perspectivas interdisciplinarias, lidiamos con las implicaciones de conocer - y por lo tanto de gobernar - organizaciones colectivas voluntarias de esta manera. Concluimos que este enfoque sanciona potencialmente las dimensiones cualitativas de la vida asociativa democrática y malinterpreta las posibilidades de cambio social.
Chinese
最近在Voluntas和其他地方的争议极大关注着绘制非盈利领域的主题。然而,对绘制实践的关注很少,其中绘制是了解的政治模式以及管理了解的方式。在本文中,我们转向关键理论和政治人类学,以展示当时实践的绘制如何成为促进治国才能的知识探索模式。有鉴于这些跨学科角度,我们努力克服以这种方式了解——从而管理——志愿集体组织的含义。我们的结论是,这种方法潜在规定民主社团生活的定性维度,并歪曲社会变化的可能性。.
Arabic
إهتم النقاش الأخير في الإرادة وأماكن أخرى إهتمام كبيربموضوع وضع خطط للقطاع الغير ربحي. مع ذلك، فقد تم أخذ إهتمام قليل جدا˝ للسبل التي فيها ممارسة وضع الخطط هي الوضع السياسي للمعرفة والطرق التي بها المعرفة تحكم. في هذا المقال ننتقل إلى النظرية النقدية والأنثروبولوجيا السياسية من أجل شرح كيفية وضع الخطط كما تمارس حاليا˝ هي وضع للإستفسارللمعرفة التي تسهل فن الحكم. على ضوء هذه وجهات النظرالمتعددة التخصصات، نحن نتصارع مع الآثار المترتبة على المعرفة - وبالتالي التحكم - التنظيم الجماعي التطوعي بهذه الطريقة. نستنتج أن هذا النهج يحتمل أن يكون إنضباط للأبعاد النوعية لحياة الجمعيات الديمقراطية ويشوه إمكانيات التغيير الاجتماعي.
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Notes
The labels ‘third sector’ or ‘nonprofit sector’ are often used interchangeably with the label ‘civil society’ (see, for example, Salamon et al. 1999). Except where the author under discussion has conflated these terms, we have chosen to use the label nonprofit and voluntary sector because this essay is concerned with a particular mode of scholarship, which is typically institutionalized under this label. Although we are concerned with the way in which such scholarship impacts the potential for a healthy civil society, our primary focus is on the way that voluntary association and nonstate activity are governed through particular ways of knowing. For further discussion of the politics of these labels see (Chandhoke 1995, 2002), Håkon Lorentzen (2010), and Antonin Wagner (2012).
As Jeremy W. Crampton (2003) demonstrates “Insofar as a map is thought of as simply communicating an already known and digested knowing, then the question (of the horizon) is not permitted and is foreclosed. This very foreclosing gives the map its authority and power…” (p. 61).
See especially Appe (2013), p. 75.
Mapping civil society assumes the state and the need to record the activities of those who are organized outside of it. This is different, for instance, from a group of individuals who might record where their water source is in relationship to the best source of mushrooms.
It is important to note that typification in knowledge production is precisely the construction of typologies, such as Appe’s. Her “descriptive” assessment of who is mapping involves the same practices as her object of study; her typologies construct the field.
As Jon Van Til (2009) notes, the dominant definition of the nonprofit sector “focuses on organizations certified as tax exempt by the IRS and subject to an inability to distribute economic assets…” (p. 1,069).
Salamon uses these descriptors loosely, although nonprofits are typically instrumentalized as a proxy for civil society.
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Nickel, P.M., Eikenberry, A.M. Knowing and Governing: The Mapping of the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector as Statecraft. Voluntas 27, 392–408 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9552-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9552-8