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Effects of Government Support of Nonprofit Institutions on Aggregate Private Philanthropy: Evidence from 40 Countries

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Abstract

This paper examines the effects of aggregate government payments to nonprofit organizations on aggregate private philanthropy. Four behavioral models of private philanthropic giving are proposed to formulate four hypotheses about those effects: no net effect (null hypothesis), crowding in (positive effect), crowding out (negative effect), and “philanthropic flight” or displacement (negative effect across different subsectors). These hypotheses were tested against the evidence from 40 countries collected as a part of a larger research project aimed to document the scale and finances of the nonprofit sector. The data show that, on the balance, government payments to nonprofit institutions (NPIs) have a positive effect on aggregate philanthropic donations to nonprofits, as stipulated by the crowding in hypothesis, but a field level analysis revealed evidence of “philanthropic flight” or displacement from “service” to “expressive” activities by government payments to “service” NPIs. Due to the limitations of the data, these results indicate empirical plausibility of the hypothesized effects rather than their incidence. The findings demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between government funding and philanthropic donations to nonprofits, which depends on the goals of the actors (donors and recipients) and institutional settings mediating the transaction costs of difference sources of nonprofit support.

Résumé

Cet article examine les effets de l’ensemble des subventions gouvernementales en faveur des organisations sans but lucratif sur la philanthropie privée à titre global. Quatre modèles comportementaux de dons philanthropiques privés sont proposés afin de formuler quatre hypothèses quant à ces effets : pas d’effet net (hypothèse nulle), rassemblement (effet positif), dispersion (effet négatif) et « évasion philanthropique » ou déplacement (effet négatif à travers différents sous-secteurs). Ces hypothèses ont été testées sur des éléments issus de 40 pays et collectés dans le cadre d’un vaste projet de recherche visant à documenter la portée et les finances du secteur sans but lucratif. Les données indiquent que tout bien considéré, les subventions gouvernementales en faveur des OBL ont un effet positif sur l’ensemble des dons philanthropiques à ces organisations, tel qu’énoncé par l’hypothèse de rassemblement, mais une analyse de terrain a mis en évidence une « évasion philanthropique » ou un déplacement entre le « service » vers des activités « expressives » par les subventions gouvernementales pour « assurer les services » des OBL. En raison des données limitées, ces résultats indiquent une plausibilité empirique des effets hypothétiques plutôt que leur incidence. Les conclusions soulignent la complexité de la relation entre le financement gouvernemental et les dons philanthropiques aux organisations sans but lucratif, laquelle dépend des objectifs des acteurs (donateurs et bénéficiaires) et des structures institutionnelles servant d’intermédiaire pour les frais de transaction des différentes sources de soutien du secteur sans but lucratif.

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen der Gesamtheit staatlicher Zahlungen an Nonprofit-Organisationen auf die gesamte private Philanthropie. Es werden vier Verhaltensmodelle zu privaten philanthropischen Spenden zur Formulierung von vier Hypothesen über diese Auswirkungen vorgeschlagen: ausbleibender Nettoeffekt (Null-Hypothese), Crowding-in bzw. Verstärkungseffekt (positiver Effekt), Crowding-out bzw. Verdrängungseffekt (negativer Effekt) und „philanthropische Flucht“oder Entfernung (negativer Effekt auf verschiedene Teilsektoren). Diese Hypothesen wurden anhand von Nachweisen getestet, welche in 40 Ländern im Rahmen eines größeren Forschungsprojekts zur Dokumentation der Tragweite und Finanzen des Nonprofit-Sektors gesammelt wurden. Laut den erfassten Daten wirken sich staatliche Zahlungen an Nonprofit-Einrichtungen entsprechend der Crowding-in-Hypothese insgesamt positiv auf die Gesamtheit philanthropischer Spenden an Nonprofit-Organisationen aus. Eine Feldebenen-Analyse hingegen erbringt den Nachweis, dass staatliche Zahlungen an Nonprofit-„Dienstleistungseinrichtungen“eine „philanthropischen Flucht“oder Entfernung von „Dienstleistungsaktivitäten“hin zu „Ausdrucksaktivitäten“nach sich ziehen. Aufgrund der begrenzten Daten weisen die Ergebnisse auf eine empirische Plausibilität der angenommenen Auswirkungen hin, nicht jedoch auf ein tatsächliches Eintreten. Die Erkenntnisse stellen die Komplexität der Beziehung zwischen staatlicher Finanzierung und philanthropischen Spenden an Nonprofit-Organisationen dar, die von den Zielen der Akteure (Spender und Spendenempfänger) und dem organisatorischen Aufbau zur Verhandlung der Transaktionskosten verschiedener Quellen zur Unterstützung von Nonprofit-Organisationen abhängt.

Resumen

Este documento examina los efectos de los pagos gubernamentales acumulados a las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro en la filantropía privada acumulada. Se proponen cuatro modelos del comportamiento de donación filantrópica privada para formular cuatro hipótesis sobre dichos efectos: ningún efecto neto (hipótesis nula), atracción (efecto positivo), exclusión (efecto negativo) y “vuelo filantrópico” o desplazamiento (efecto negativo en diferentes subsectores). Estas hipótesis fueron sometidas a prueba frente a las evidencias de 40 países recopiladas como parte de un proyecto de investigación más amplio que tenía como objetivo documentar la escala y las finanzas del sector de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Los datos muestran que, sobre la balanza, los pagos gubernamentales a las instituciones sin ánimo de lucro (NPI, del inglés Non-Profit Institutions) tienen un efecto positivo sobre las donaciones filantrópicas acumuladas, según lo estipulado por la hipótesis de atracción, pero un análisis a nivel de campo reveló pruebas del “vuelo filantrópico” o desplazamiento de las actividades de “servicio” a “expresivas” por los pagos gubernamentales a “servicio” de las NPI. Debido a las limitaciones de los datos, estos resultados indican la plausibilidad empírica de los efectos de las hipótesis en lugar de su incidencia. Los hallazgos demuestran la complejidad de la relación entre la financiación gubernamental y las donaciones filantrópicas a las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro, que depende de las metas de los actores (donantes y receptores) y de las configuraciones institucionales que intervienen en los costes de transacción de diferentes fuentes de apoyo sin ánimo de lucro.

摘要

本文讨论了政府对非盈利机构注资总体上对整个私人慈善领域的影响。文中提出了私人慈善领域的四种行为模式,以构成四种假设来分析这些效应,分别是:无净效应(无效假设)、挤入效应(积极效应)、挤出效应(消极效应),以及“慈善资金抽离”或转移效应(在不同的子领域均造成负面影响)。这些假设通过从 40 个国家内收集的相关证据进行了验证(这些证据来自于另一个旨在调查非盈利部门规模和财务状况的研究项目)。数据显示,综合起来看,政府对非盈利机构注资能够带来积极影响,总体上有助于增加非盈利机构获得的公众慈善捐助,这一点与“挤入效应”假设相吻合。但是,一项实地层面的调查分析又找到相关证据,显示政府注资“服务型”非盈利机构后,公众慈善捐助更加倾向于从“服务型”项目转向“表达型”项目,这就是一种“慈善资金抽离”或转移效应。由于数据有限,这些结果更多地是关于假设效应的“经验之谈”,而没有实际的发生率证据。研究结果显示了政府对非盈利机构注资与公众慈善捐款之间关系的复杂性。参与者(捐献者和接受者)的目标以及协调非盈利机构不同资金来源交易成本的机制对此都有影响。

ملخص

يدرس هذا البحث آثار المدفوعات الحكومية الإجمالية للمنظمات الغير ربحية في مجموع حب البشر الخاص. تم إقتراح أربعة نماذج سلوكية لإعطاء العمل الخيري الخاص لصياغة أربعة فرضيات حول تلك الآثار: لا يوجد تأثير صافي (لفرضية العدم ،) إنفاق الحكومة لزيادة الإستثمار (تأثير إيجابي،) إرتفاع إقتراض الحكومة (تأثير سلبي)، و “إنطلاق الأعمال الخيرية” أو النزوح (تأثير سلبي عبر قطاعات مختلفة.) تم اختبار هذه الفرضيات ضد الأدلة المستقاة من 40 بلد التي تم تجميعها كجزء من مشروع بحثي أكبر يهدف إلى توثيق الحجم والشؤون المالية للقطاع الغير هادف للربح. تشير البيانات إلى أنه، بشأن التوازن، مدفوعات الحكومة للمنظمات التي لا تستهدف الربح (NPIs) يكون له تأثير إيجابي على إجمالي التبرعات الخيرية للمنظمات الغير ربحية ، كما ينص على ذلك إنفاق الحكومة لزيادة الإستثمار في الفرضية، لكن تحليل الصعيد الميداني كشف أدلة على “إنطلاق الأعمال الخيرية” ، أو النزوح من “الخدمة” لأنشطة “واضحة” من ​​قبل الحكومة للدفع للمنظمات الغير ربحية(NPIs). نظرا لأن البيانات محدودة، فإن هذه النتائج تشير إلى المعقولية التجريبية من الآثار المفترضة بدلا من وقوع ذلك الحدث. أظهرت النتائج تعقيد العلاقة بين التمويل الحكومي والتبرعات الخيرية إلى المنظمات الغير ربحية، التي تعتمد على أهداف الفاعلين (المانحين والمتلقين)، توسط الإطار المؤسسي في تكاليف المعاملات من إختلاف مصادر الدعم الغير ربحي.

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Notes

  1. This treatment of membership dues differs from that in national accounting, where dues paid to NPIs serving businesses are viewed as market sales, but dues paid to NPIs serving households—as transfers (philanthropic donations).

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Sokolowski, S.W. Effects of Government Support of Nonprofit Institutions on Aggregate Private Philanthropy: Evidence from 40 Countries. Voluntas 24, 359–381 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9258-5

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