Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of dietary thiamin (vitamin B1) on the growth performance, serum biochemical factors, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles

  • Research
  • Published:
Veterinary Research Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present research evaluated the positive effects of dietary thiamin (vitamin B1) levels on the growth performance, serum biochemistry factors, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Thiamin was included in diets with levels of 0 (control, T0), 7 (T7), 15 (T15), and 25 (T25) mg/kg diet. Measurements of thiamin levels in diets indicated that they contained 1.80 (T0), 8.02 (T7), 16.2 (T15), and 26.6 (T25) mg thiamin/kg feed. Sturgeon juveniles (240 individuals) with average weight of 44.8 ± 1.96 g were distributed into 12 tanks, and fed with the experimental diets for 8 weeks. Final weight, body weight gain (%), specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of great sturgeon were significantly influenced by dietary thiamin levels, and the maximum fish performance (P < 0.05) was obtained at a level of 15 mg/kg diet. The trypsin, chymotrypsin, creatine kinase, lipase, α-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were notably (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary thiamin levels. The glucose content was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among the experimental treatments. Diets supplemented with thiamine increased significantly (P < 0.05) triglyceride, cholesterol, and total protein levels accompanied with significant (P < 0.05) decreases in aminotransferase aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities. Serum antioxidant enzymes were remarkably (P < 0.05) higher, while serum malondialdehyde was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the thiamin-treated fish compared with the control group. Total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and ACH50 values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed with thiamin-supplemented diets than in the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that dietary thiamin have an important role in enhancing the growth performance, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon. Based on the regression fitting curve of final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and FCR values, the optimal level of thiamin is found to be 15.0–17.5 mg/kg diet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data Availability

All data of this study are included in this article.

References

  • Abdel-Tawwab M, Wafeek M (2017) Fluctuations in water temperature affected waterborne cadmium toxicity: Hematology, anaerobic glucose pathway, and oxidative stress status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Aquaculture 477:106–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Tawwab M, Abo Selema TAM, Abotaleb MM, Khalil RH, Sabry NM, Soliman AM, Eldessouki EAA (2023) Effects of a commercial feed additive (Sanacore® GM) on immune-antioxidant profile and resistance of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Ann. Anim Sci 23:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amlashi AS, Falahatkar B, Sattari M, Gilani MT (2011) Effect of dietary vitamin E on growth, muscle composition, hematological and immunological parameters of sub yearling beluga Huso huso L. Fish shellfish immunol. 30(3):807–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.002

  • AOAC (2005) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The Official Methods of Analyses Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. The 18th edition, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877–2417, USA

  • Aoe H, Masuda I, Mimura T, Saito T, Komo A, Kitamura S (1969) Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp. 6. Requirement for thiamine and effects of antithiamines. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 35:459–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakhshalizadeh S, Zykov LA, Nasibulina BM, Kurochkina TF, Fazio F (2021) Influence of growth on the biological and commercial productivity of Caspian great sturgeon Huso huso. Aquaculture 533:736139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd CE (1984) Water quality in warm water fishponds. Auburn University Agriculture Experimental Station, Auburn, AL, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebanov M, Billard R (2001) The culture of sturgeons in Russia: production of juveniles for stocking and meat for human consumption. Aquat Living Resour 14:375–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Andrade JIA, Ono EA, de Menezes GC, Brasil EM, Roubach R, Urbinati EC, Tavares-Dias M, Marcon JL, Affonso EG (2007) Influence of diets supplemented with vitamins C and E on Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) blood parameters. CBPA 146(4):576–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.03.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis AE (2001) Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria. DCI 25(8–9):827–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00038-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falahatkar B, Soltani M, Abtahi B, Kalbassi MR, Pourkazemi M (2006) Effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation on performance, tissue chemical composition and alkaline phosphatase activity in great sturgeon (Huso huso). J Appl Ichthyol 22:283–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falahatkar B, Amlashi AS, Conte F (2012) Effect of dietary vitamin E on cortisol and glucose responses to handling stress in juvenile beluga Huso huso. J Aquat Anim Health 24(1):11–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2011.647235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falahatkar B, Soltani M, Abtahi B, Kalbassi MR, Pourkazemi M (2015) The role of dietary L-ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate on the growth and physiological functions of beluga, Huso huso (L innaeus, 1758). Aquac Res 46:3056–3069. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faraonio R, Vergara P, Di Marzo D, Pierantoni MG, Napolitano M, Russo T, Cimino F (2006) p53 suppresses the Nrf2-dependent transcription of antioxidant response genes. J Biol Chem 281(52):39776–39784. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605707200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng L, Huang HH, Liu Y, Jiang J, Jiang WD, Hu K, Li SH, Zhou XQ (2011) Effect of dietary thiamin supplement on immune responses and intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) Aquacult Nutr 17(5):557–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00851.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontagné S, Bazin D, Brèque J, Vachot C, Bernarde C, Rouault T, Bergot P (2006) Effects of dietary oxidized lipid and vitamin A on the early development and antioxidant status of siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) larvae. Aquaculture 257(1–4):400–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiasi S, Falahatkar B, Dabrowski K, Abasalizadeh A, Arslan M (2014) Effect of thiamine injection on growth performance, hematology and germinal vesicle migration in sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus L. Aquacult. Int 22:1563–1576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9765-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiasi S, Falahatkar B, Arslan M, Dabrowski K (2017) Physiological changes and reproductive performance of Sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus injected with thiamine. Anim Reprod Sci 178:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hakim Y, Uni Z, Hulata G, Harpaz S (2006) Relationship between intestinal brush border enzymatic activity and growth rate in tilapias fed diets containing 30% or 48% protein. Aquaculture 257(1–4):420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halver JE (2002) The vitamins. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds) Fish Nutrition, 3rd edn. Academic Press, California, USA, pp 61–141

    Google Scholar 

  • He F, Zarfl C, Bremerich V, Henshaw A, Darwall W, Tockner K, Jaehnig SC (2017) Disappearing giants: a review of threats to freshwater megafauna. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseinifar SH, Yousef M, Van Doan H, Ashouri G, Gioacchin G, Maradonn F, Carneval O (2021) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 29:198–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang JW, Tian LX, Du ZY, Yang HJ, Liu YJ (2007) Effects of dietary thiamin on the physiological status of the grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH 33:167–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9127-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang HH, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Jiang WD, Hu K, Li SH, Zhou XQ (2011) Effects of dietary thiamin supplement on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquacult Nutr 17(2):233–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00756.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenco J, Krcmova LK, Solichova D, Solich P (2017) Recent trends in determination of thiamine and its derivatives in clinical practice. J Chromatogr A 1510:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang M, Huang F, Zhao Z, Wen H, Wu F, Liu W, Yang C, Wang W (2014) Dietary thiamin requirement of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. J World Aquacult Soc 45(4):461–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KJ, Dabrowski K (2003) Interaction between vitamins C and E affects their tissue concentrations, growth, lipid oxidation, and deficiency symptoms in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Br J Nutr 89(5):589–596. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li XY, Huang HH, Hu K, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Jiang J, Li SH, Feng L, Zhou XQ (2014) The effects of dietary thiamin on oxidative damage and antioxidant defence of juvenile fish. Fish Physiol Biochem 40:673–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9875-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim C, Yildirim-Aksoy M, Barros MM, Klesius P (2011) Thiamin requirement of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J World Aquacult Soc 42(6):824–833. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00531.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linhua HA, Zhenyu WA, Baoshan XI (2009) Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Environ Sci 21(10):1459–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62440-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale D (2006) A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin (e) and its derivatives. eCAM 3(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nek009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Alvarez RM, Morales AE, Sanz A (2005) Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Rev Fish Biol Fish 15:75–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matani Bour HA, Esmaeili M, Abedian Kenari A (2018) Growth performance, muscle and liver composition, blood traits, digestibility and gut bacteria of beluga (Huso huso) juvenile fed different levels of soybean meal and lactic acid. Aquacult Nutr 24(4):1361–1368. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzakhani MK, Kenari AA, Motamedzadegan A (2018) Prediction of apparent protein digestibility by in vitro pH-stat degree of protein hydrolysis with species-specific enzymes for siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri, Brandt 1869). Aquaculture 496:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohd Khan Y, Khan MA (2022) Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling major carp Catla catla (Hamilton). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 106(4):939–946. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohseni M, Ghelichpour M, Sayed Hassani MH, Pajand Z, Ghorbani Vaghei R (2023) Effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes’ activity, and biochemical parameters of beluga, Huso huso, larvae. J Appl Ichthyol 30:2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6982536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau R, Dabrowski K, Czesny S, Cihla F (1999a) Vitamin C-vitamin E interaction in juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens R.), a fish able to synthesize ascorbic acid. J Appl Ichthyol 15(4–5):250–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00245.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau R, Dabrowski K, Sato PH (1999b) Renal L-gulono-1, 4-lactone oxidase activity as affected by dietary ascorbic acid in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Aquaculture 180(3–4):359–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00211-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najafi M, Falahatkar B, Safarpour Amlashi A, Tolouei Gilani MH (2017) The combined effects of feeding time and dietary lipid levels on growth performance in juvenile beluga sturgeon Huso huso. Aquacult Int 25(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0011-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (2011) Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan CH, Chien YH, Hunter B (2003) The resistance to ammonia stress of Penaeus monodon Fabricius juvenile fed diets supplemented with astaxanthin. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 297(1):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.07.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park YS, Koh YH, Takahashi M, Miyamoto Y, Suzuki K, Dohmae N, Takio K, Honke K, Taniguchi N (2003) Identification of the binding site of methylglyoxal on glutathione peroxidase: methylglyoxal inhibits glutathione peroxidase activity via binding to glutathione binding sites arg 184 and 185. Free Radic Res 37(2):205–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/1071576021000041005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pourkazemi M (2006) Caspian Sea sturgeon conservation and fisheries: past present and future. J Appl Ichthyol 22:12–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shangari N, Bruce W, Poon R et al (2003) Toxicity of glyoxals–role of oxidative stress, metabolic detoxification and thiamine deficiency. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1390–1393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siwicki A, Anderson D (1993) Nonspecific defense mechanisms assay in fish: II. Potential killing activity of neutrophils and macrophages, lysozyme activity in serum and organs and total immunoglobulin level in serum. In: Anderson A, Waluga D J. (eds) Fish Disease diagnosis and Prevention Methods, Siwicki. Wydawnictwo Instytutu Rybactwa Śródlądowego, Olsztyn, Poland, pp 105–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Tengjaroenkul B, Smith BJ, Caceci T, Smith SA (2000) Distribution of intestinal enzyme activities along the intestinal tract of cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquaculture 182(3–4):317–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00270-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zanden EP, Snoek SA, Heinsbroek SE, Stanisor OI, Verseijden C, Boeckxstaens GE, Peppelenbosch MP, Greaves DR, Gordon S, De Jonge WJ (2009) Vagus nerve activity augments intestinal macrophage phagocytosis via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2. Gastroenterology 31029–1039. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.057

  • Velimatti O, Liisa V, Antti U-R, Pertti V, Pekka K, Jussi H (1993) The HPLC determination of total thiamin (vitamin B1) in foods. J Food Comp Ana 6(2):152–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe J, Marasa JC (1978) Dissociation of the regulation of fatty acid synthesis and cyclic amp levels in cultured glial and neuronal cells1. J Neurochem 31(1):277–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb12460.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen H, Yan AS, Gao Q, Jiang M, Wei QW (2008) Dietary vitamin A requirement of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). J Appl Ichthyol 24(5):534–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01105.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen LM, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Zhao J, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA (2016) Thiamin deficiency induces impaired fish gill immune responses, tight junction protein expression and antioxidant capacity: roles of the NF-κB, TOR, p38 MAPK and Nrf2 signaling molecules. Fish Shellfish Immunol 51:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen LM, Lin F, Wei-Dan J, Wu P, Yang L, Sheng‐Yao K, Li SW, Ling T, Zhang L, Mi HF, Zhou XQ (2022) Effects of dietary thiamin on flesh quality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquacult Res 53(18):6671–6682. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.16136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang X, Zhou XQ, Chen GF, Wu P, Zheng ZL (2016) Effect of graded levels of dietary thiamine on the growth performance, body composition and haemato-biochemical parameters of juvenile Sclizothorax prenanti. Aquacult Nutr 22(3):691–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xun P, Lin H, Wang R, Huang Z, Zhou C, Yu W, Huang Q, Tan L, Wang Y, Wang J (2019) Effects of dietary vitamin B1 on growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption, intestinal microflora and immune response of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Aquaculture 506:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadollahi F, Soltani M, Modarresi MH, Akhondzadeh Basti A (2021) Efficacy of vitamin E with or without probiotic, astaxanthin or rosemary extract on growth performance, survival, haematological parameters, antioxidant activity and liver enzymes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacult Res 52(11):5606–5616. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Ge J, Yin W, Shen H, Liu H, Guo Y (2004) The expression of p53, MDM2 and Ref1 gene in cultured retina neurons of SD rats treated with vitamin B1 and/or elevated pressure. Yan Ke Xue Bao 20(4):259–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yano T, Hatayama Y, Matsuyama H, Nakao M (1988) Titration of the alternative complement pathway activity of representative cultured fishes. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 54(6):1049–1054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yossa R, Verdegem M (2015) Misuse of multiple comparison tests and underuse of contrast procedures in aquaculture publications. Aquaculture 437:344–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousef M, Hoseini SM, Vatnikov YA, Nikishov AA, Kulikov EV (2018) Thymol as a new anesthetic in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): efficacy and physiological effects in comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture 495:376–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zehra S, Khan MA (2017) Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Res 48(9):4945–4957. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zehra S, Khan MA (2018) Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, protein gain, liver thiamin storage, RNA/DNA ratio and biochemical composition. Aquacult Nutr 24(3):1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Chen B, Huang Y, Cao J, Wang G, Chen X, Mo W (2020) Effects of dietary vitamin B1 on growth performance, blood metabolites, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and morphometric parameters of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Aquacult Nutr 26(5):1681–1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research has been conducted with the constant support of the Qareburoon sturgeon culture center regarding the provision of fish and rearing. The authors express gratefulness to Dr. Morteza Yousefi for his help during the final editing of manuscript.

Funding

Authors self-funded this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of fisheries, Islamic azad university, Qaemshahr branch, Qaemshahr, Iran , Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran

    Zahra Behbodi, Somayeh Bahram, Masoumeh Bahrekazemi, Seyed Rohollah Javadian & Abas Bozorgnia

  2. Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, 44662, Sharqia, Egypt

    Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab

Authors
  1. Zahra Behbodi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Somayeh Bahram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Masoumeh Bahrekazemi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Seyed Rohollah Javadian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abas Bozorgnia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Zahra behbodi: Data curation, writing; Somayeh bahram: formal analysis, methodology, reviewing and editing; Masoumeh Bahrekazemi: reviewing and editing; Seyed Rohollah Javadian: reviewing and editing; Abas Bozorgnia: reviewing and editing, Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab: analysis and : reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Somayeh Bahram.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Behbodi, Z., Bahram, S., Bahrekazemi, M. et al. Effects of dietary thiamin (vitamin B1) on the growth performance, serum biochemical factors, immune response, and antioxidant activity of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Vet Res Commun 48, 485–496 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10227-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10227-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation