Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause numerous outbreaks worldwide. Some strains of Salmonella have become progressively resistant to antibiotics, so they could represent a critical threat to public health and have led to the use of alternative therapeutic approaches like phage therapy. In this study, a lytic phage, vB_SenS_TUMS_E4 (E4), was isolated from poultry effluent and characterized to evaluate its potential and efficacy for bio-controlling S. enteritidis in foods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that E4 has a siphovirus morphotype, with an isometric head and non-contractile tail. Determining the host range showed that this phage can effectively infect different motile as well as non-motile Salmonella enterica serovars. The biological characteristics of E4 showed that it has a short latent period of about 15 min and a large burst size of 287 PFU/cell, and is also significantly stable in a broad range of pHs and temperatures. The E4 whole genome contains 43,018 bp and encodes 60 coding sequences (CDSs) but no tRNA genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genome of E4 lacks any genes related to lysogeny behavior, antibiotic resistance, toxins, or virulence factors. The efficacy of phage E4 as a bio-control agent was assessed in various foodstuffs inoculated with S. enteritidis at 4°C and 25°C, and the resulting data indicated that it could eradicate S. enteritidis after a very short time of 15 min. The findings of the present study showed that E4 is a hopeful candidate as a bio-control agent against S. enteritidis and has the potential to be used in various foodstuffs.
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Data availability statement
Our data set can be found in online repositories. Repository name/repositories and access number (s) can be found below: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MZ955866.1/.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Professor Zahraei Salehi of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University for donating strains of S. enteritidis ATCC 13076. We also appreciate the support of IKHC and ABRII in accessing clinical and environmental samples.
Funding
This work was funded by the Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (research code 99-1-104-48232).
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Narges Torkashvand: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Writing original draft; Software. Haniyeh Kamyab: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Software. Ahmad Reza Shahverdi: Supervision, Project administration; Funding acquisition. Mohammad Reza Khoshayand: Supervision; Validation. Zargham Sepehrizadeh: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing.
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Torkashvand, N., Kamyab, H., Shahverdi, A.R. et al. Isolation, characterization, and genome analysis of a broad host range Salmonella phage vB_SenS_TUMS_E4: a candidate bacteriophage for biocontrol. Vet Res Commun 47, 1493–1503 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10105-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10105-1