Abstract
The tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD) measures the longitudinal displacement of the mitral annulus during systole, using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). The main objective was to determine the TMAD means in healthy cats, exploring the correlations with systolic surrogates. The influence of age, body surface area (BSA), heart rate, and systemic blood pressure on the indices was also analyzed. One hundred ninety-three healthy, client-owned cats participated in this prospective, cross-sectional observational study undergoing conventional and STE. Apical four-chamber (AP4) and two-chamber (AP2) images were recorded for offline calculations. Mean TMAD values were similar to mitral annulus plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), varying between 4 to 4.8 mm depending on the annulus and image used. No significant differences between age and BSA categories were detected, except for AP4 MP%, reduced in the heavier group. TMAD variables showed moderate correlation with longitudinal strain (LSt) and MAPSE, but not with fraction shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). The median time required for the offline calculation was 12.2 s for AP4 and 11.8 s for AP2. The technique showed moderate inter and intraobserver variation, proving a reliable tool for assessing left ventricular longitudinal systolic function in cats.
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Notes
Philips Affiniti 50 ultrasound system equipped with 12 MHz phased-array transducer
QLAB Software with automatic cardiac motion quantification (aCMQ)
Abbreviations
- AP2:
-
Apical 2-chamber image
- AP4:
-
Apical 4-chamber image
- BSA:
-
Body surface area
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiography
- FS:
-
Fractional shortening
- FW:
-
Free wall
- EF:
-
Ejection fraction
- GLS:
-
Global longitudinal strain
- HCM:
-
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- IVS:
-
Interventricular septum
- LA:
-
Left atrium
- LSt:
-
Longitudinal strain
- LV:
-
Left ventrilce
- MAPSE:
-
Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion
- ROI:
-
Regions of interest
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- STE:
-
Speckle-tracking echocardiography
- TDI:
-
Tissue Doppler imaging
- TMAD:
-
Tissue Motion Annular Displacement
- TMAD MP:
-
The displacement (in mm) of a virtual midpoint between the two mitral annular regions towards the left ventricular apex
- TMAD MP%:
-
The proportional displacement of that midpoint concerning the total length of the left ventricle
- TMAD MV1:
-
Displacement of the septal (AP4) or anterior (AP2) annulus towards the apex
- TMAD MV2:
-
Displacement of the lateral (AP4) or inferior (AP2) annulus towards the apex
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Acknowledgements
The researchers acknowledge the Veterinary Hospital of UPPR for allowing the use of the facilities during the study period and all the staff from the Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine.
Special gratitude to Vera Hubner, who brought healthy cats and brightened our laboratory with her experience and love for the animals.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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- Giovana Lais Ruviaro Tuleski, M.Sc: electrocardiographys, echocardiography, blood pressure measurements, analysis of the results, text writing;
- Marcela Wolf, M.Sc: blood pressure measurements, TMAD measurements as co-observer, advice from her practice with TMAD in dogs;
- Maria José Garcia Ribeiro Pscheidt, BSc: animal recruitment, physical examination, blood pressure measurements, literature research;
- Júlio Pereira dos Santos, M.Sc: physical examination, electrocardiographys, blood pressure measurements, research assistance, text revision;
- Marlos Gonçalves Sousa, PhD: research design, guidance, statistical support, analysis of results, final review.
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The study was ethically approved by an established committee as established in the manuscript, protocol number 014/2019 of the Animal Use and Care Committee, and all procedures followed the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Animals of Laboratory.
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Tuleski, G.L.R., Wolf, M., Pscheidt, M.J.G.R. et al. Tissue motion annular displacement to assess the left ventricular systolic function in healthy cats. Vet Res Commun 46, 823–836 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09907-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09907-6