Skip to main content
Log in

‘When They See Me’: Stories That Give Meaning to Black Men’s Educational Experiences

  • Published:
The Urban Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study captures the stories of adult Black men from an urban area plagued by generational poverty and low educational attainment. Narrative semi-structured interviews were employed to examine their stories, the factors that contributed to their identities as students, and their decision to drop out of school. Using the cool pose theory (Major and Billson in Cool pose: the dilemmas of black manhood in America. Lexington Books, 1992), their narratives revealed how a lack of culturally relevant learning experiences, positive relationships, and “loose boundaries,” together with implicit biases and stereotypes, influenced their perceptions of themselves and school and ultimately their decision to drop out of high school. Cool pose is also used to reframe young Black boys’ narratives by presenting their use of cool pose behaviors as a demonstration of strength, integrity, and source of worth in failure situations. This study presents implications for better understanding and educating young Black men from urban communities as individuals and how illustrating their past educational experiences continues to influence their daily lives as adults. Furthermore, it compels us to answer the fundamental question: what more can we as educators do to empower and create successful schooling experiences for Black boys?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adeyemo, A. (2021). Toward exclusion from bondage: Examining resourcefulness of an academically and athletically high-achieving Black male student who plays high school football. The Urban Review, 53, 383–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbarin, O. (2012). Mentally healthy and safe schools. In Council of the Great City Schools, A call for change: Providing solutions for Black male achievement (pp. 282–309). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  • Blake, W., & Darling, C. (1994). The dilemmas of the African American male. Journal of Black Studies, 24(4), 402–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, B. T., Comer, J. P., & Johns, D. J. (2018). Addressing the Black achievement gap: Three leading educators issue a call to action. Young Children, 73(2), 14–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkley, B., Hines, E., Jones, A., McMillian, E. G., Sturdivant, B., & Walker, M. (2018). Fixing systems, not kids: Changing the narrative of young black men in Guilford County Schools. Voices in Urban Education, 48(1), 19–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooms, D. R. (2019). “I was just trying to make it”: Examining urban Young Black men’ sense of belonging, schooling experiences, and academic success. Urban Education, 54(6), 804–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., & Donnor, J. K. (2018a). The education of young black men in a ‘post-racial’ world. In A. L. Brown & J. K. Donner (Eds.), The education of young black men in a ‘post-racial’ world. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., & Donnor, J. K. (2018b). Toward a new narrative on young black men, education, and public policy. In A. L. Brown & J. K. Donner (Eds.), The education of young black men in a ‘post-racial’ world. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, T. R. (2018). Black adolescent males: Intersections among their gender role identity and racial identity and associations with self-concept (global and school). Child Development, 89(4), e311–e322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busette, C. (2022). Defining a culture of care for Black boys. Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2022/11/01/defining-a-culture-of-care-for-black-boys/

  • Cai, J. (2020). Black students in the condition of education 2020. National School Boards Association. https://nsba.org/Perspectives/2020/black-students-condition-education

  • Chase, S. E. (2005). Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses approaches voices. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 651–679). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, S. E. (2011). Narrative inquiry: Still a field in the making. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 421–434). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, G. M., III. (2008). Utilizing cool posing narrative and technique as leadership strategies among underrepresented individuals. Journal of Leadership Studies, 2(1), 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S., & Reid, M. (2016). The superstrong Black mother. Contexts, 15(1), 48–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, A. (2001). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of Black masculinity. The University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G. M. (2013). Jim crow laws. History Teacher, 46(4), 627–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, P. (2008). The myth of the culture of poverty. Educational Leadership, 65(7), 32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. (2009). Cool pose, black manhood, and juvenile delinquency. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(5), 531–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R., & Pizarro, J. (2010). Cool pose: Black male homicide and the social implications of manhood. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(1), 86–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, S., & Davis, C. (2012). They don’t care about education: A counternarrative on Black male students’ responses to inequitable schooling. Educational Foundations, 26(1–2), 103–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hucks, D. (2011). New visions of collective achievement: The cross-generational schooling experiences of Young Black men. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(3), 339–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husband, T. (2012). Addressing reading underachievement in Blackboys through a multi-contextual approach. Reading Horizons, 52(1), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isom, D. (2007). Performance, resistance, caring: Racialized gender identity in black boys. The Urban Review, 39(4), 405–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, T. (2006). Mr. nigger: The challenges of educating young black men within American society. The Journal of Black Studies, 37(1), 127–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Justice, E. M., Lindsey, L. L., & Morrow, S. F. (1999). The relation of self-perceptions to achievement among African American preschoolers. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(1), 48–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunjufu, J. (1985). Countering the conspiracy to destroy black boys. African-American Images.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But’s that’s just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lechuga-Peña, S., & Brisson, D. (2018). Barriers to school-based parent involvement while living in public housing: A mother’s perspective. The Qualitative Report, 23(5), 1176–1187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, B., Martino, W., Mills, M. (2009). Boys’ peer group relationships in schools. In Boys and schooling (pp. 147–180). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230582767_6

  • Major, R., & Billson, J. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, H. R., & Lomotey, K. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of urban education. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nodding, N. (2012). The caring relation in teaching. Oxford Review of Education, 36(1), 771–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, P. (1997). Remembering the “crisis” of the Black male in America. Social Justices, 24(68), 147–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, P. (2003). The trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of Young Black men. Urban Education, 38(4), 431–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obiakor, F., & Beachum, F. (2005). Developing self-empowerment in African American students using the comprehensive support model. The Journal of Negro Education, 74(1), 18–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, J. (2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb: A study of academic disengagement. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, W. (2003). The structural-cultural perspective: A theory of Black male violence. In D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Violent crime: Assessing race and ethnic differences (pp. 280–302). Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, W. (2006). ‘The streets’: An alternative Black male socialization institution. Journal of Black Studies, 36(6), 918–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osbourne, J. (1999). Unraveling underachievement among African American boys from an identification with academic perspective. Journal of Negro Education, 68(4), 555–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students’ need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70(3), 323–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, R. T., Maramba, D. C., & Holmes, S. L. (2011). A contemporary examination of factors promoting the academic success of minority students at a predominantly white university. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 13(3), 329–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, M. E., Wechsler-Zimring, A., Noam, G., Wolf, M., & Katzir, T. (2013). Behavioral problems and reading difficulties among language minority and monolingual urban elementary school students. Reading Psychology, 34(2), 182–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prager, K. (2011). Positioning young black boys for educational success. ETS Policy Information Center, 19(3), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. D., & Hope, E. C. (2020). “We just want to break the stereotype”: Tensions in black boys’ critical social analysis of their suburban school experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 551–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatum, A. (2006). Engaging young black men in reading. Educational Leadership, 63(5), 44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E., Guy-Walls, P., Wilkerson, P., & Addae, R. (2019). The historical perspectives of stereotypes on African-American males. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 4, 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varner, F., & Mandara, K. (2013). Discrimination concern and expectations as explanation for gendered socialization in African American families. Child Development, 84(3), 875–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, D. (1993). Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. Journal of Correctional Education, 44(3), 144.

    Google Scholar 

  • West-Olatunii, C., Baker, J., & Brooks, M. (2006). Black adolescent males: Giving voice to their experiences. Multicultural Perspectives, 8(4), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson-Jones, L., & Caston, M. (2003). Cooperative learning on academic achievement in elementary African American males. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(4), 280–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Literacy Foundation. (2021). The impact of illiteracy and the importance of early intervention. World Literacy Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, B. L. (2021). Five wise men: African American males using urban critical literacy to negotiate and navigate home and school in an urban setting. Urban Education, 56(3), 451–483.

  • Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jo Hawkins-Jones.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hawkins-Jones, J., Labat, M.B., Reeves, S. et al. ‘When They See Me’: Stories That Give Meaning to Black Men’s Educational Experiences. Urban Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-024-00698-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-024-00698-5

Keywords

Navigation