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Metabolic syndrome is a predictor of decreased renal function among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese

  • Nephrology - Original Paper
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Abstract

Purpose

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide with the continuous increase in obesity prevalence. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also a major public health problem, but there is controversy over whether baseline MetS is a predictor of decreased renal function among Japanese community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study designed as part of the Nomura study. We recruited a random sample of 410 men aged 68 ± 8 (mean ± standard deviation; range, 50–95) years and 549 women aged 69 ± 7 (50–84) years during their annual health examination in a single community. We examined the relationship between baseline MetS and renal dysfunction after a 3-year evaluation based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCKDEPI) using the CKD-EPI equations modified by the Japan coefficient. CKD was defined as dipstick-positive proteinuria (> or = 1 +) or a low eGFRCKDEPI (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).

Results

Of the 959 participants, 413 (43.1%) had MetS at baseline. Annual eGFR decline rate was significantly greater in those with MetS than in those without MetS, and the annual eGFR decline rate of < − 1.2 mL/min/1.73 m2/year increased significantly in relation to presence of baseline MetS, especially low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, the incidence rate of CKD after 3 years was 13.5% and increased significantly in relation to presence of baseline MetS, especially its components such as elevated HbA1c. The multivariate-adjusted odd ratio (OR) for CKD in participants with MetS versus those without MetS was 1.55 (0.99–2.43). The multivariate-adjusted ORs for rapid annual eGFR decline rate were significantly high in patients aged ≥ 65 years and presence of medication, regardless of gender and eGFR value.

Conclusions

Low HDL-C and elevated HbA1c levels correlated significantly with eGFR decline in a short period of 3 years. MetS also showed a significant association with eGFR decline. This study suggests the importance of low HDL-C and elevated HbA1c in the effect of MetS on eGFR decline rather than obesity among Japanese community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese without CKD.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Foundation for Development of Community (2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shizugawa, Toon-city, Ehime, 791-0204, Japan

    Ryuichi Kawamoto, Taichi Akase, Daisuke Ninomiya, Teru Kumagi & Asuka Kikuchi

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Seiyo Municipal Nomura Hospital, 9-53 Nnomura, Nomura-cho, Seiyo-city, Ehime, 797-1212, Japan

    Ryuichi Kawamoto, Taichi Akase & Daisuke Ninomiya

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  1. Ryuichi Kawamoto
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Contributions

RK participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. RK, TA, DN, TK, and AK, contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data. RK, DN, and AK contributed to the conception and design of the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ryuichi Kawamoto.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee at which the studies conducted (IRB Approval Number: 1402009).

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We obtained consent through an opt-out procedure from all individual participants included in the study.

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Kawamoto, R., Akase, T., Ninomiya, D. et al. Metabolic syndrome is a predictor of decreased renal function among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Int Urol Nephrol 51, 2285–2294 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02320-0

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