Abstract
Muscarinic agonists are the most commonly used agents for treating the underactive bladder (UAB). However, because of the absence of pharmacologic specificity for bladder-only effects and possibly as a result of degenerative and other post-synaptic changes involving detrusor smooth muscle cells, they are simply not effective and side effects are common. If safe and effective therapy for UAB is made available, then most experts agree that the potential market would exceed industry expectations, just as antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder did in the late 1990s. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries that have a pipeline to urology and women’s health should consider UAB as a potential target condition. A rational approach to treating the pathology of UAB is presented with a discussion of potential targets that may allow the development of safe and effective agents for the treatment of UAB.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Osman NI, Chapple CR, Abrams P, Dmochowski R, Haab F, Nitti V, Koelbl H, van Kerrebroeck P, Wein AJ (2013) Detrusor underactivity and the underactive bladder: a new clinical entity? A review of current terminology, definitions, epidemiology, aetiology, and diagnosis. Eur Urol 65(2):389–398. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.10.015
Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, van Kerrebroeck P, Victor A, Wein A, Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence S (2002) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 21(2):167–178
Krishnamoorthy S, Kekre NS (2009) Detrusor underactivity: to tone or not to tone the bladder? Indian J Urol 25(3):407–408. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.56186
Smith PP (2010) Aging and the underactive detrusor: a failure of activity or activation? Neurourol Urodyn 29(3):408–412. doi:10.1002/nau.20765
Wein AJ, Rackley RR (2006) Overactive bladder: a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. J Urol 175((3 Pt 2)):S5–10. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00313-7
Blaivas JG (1996) The bladder is an unreliable witness. Neurourol Urodyn 15(5):443–445. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6777(1996)15:5<443:AID-NAU1>3.0.CO;2-F
Birder L, Wyndaele JJ (2012) From urothelial signalling to experiencing a sensation related to the urinary bladder. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 207(1):34–39. doi:10.1111/apha.12011
Griffiths D, Tadic SD, Schaefer W, Resnick NM (2007) Cerebral control of the bladder in normal and urge-incontinent women. Neuroimage 37(1):1–7
Lee SR, Kim HJ, Kim A, Kim JH Overactive bladder is not only overactive but also hypersensitive. 1527-9995 (Electronic) 0090-4295 (Linking)
De Wachter S, Smith PP, Tannenbaum C, Van Koeveringe G, Drake M, Wyndaele JJ, Chapple C (2012) How should bladder sensation be measured? ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn 31(3):370–374. doi:10.1002/nau.22214
Heeringa R, de Wachter SG, van Kerrebroeck PE, van Koeveringe GA (2011) Normal bladder sensations in healthy volunteers: a focus group investigation. Neurourol Urodyn. doi:10.1002/nau.21052
Griffiths DJ (1980) Urodynamics. The mechanics and hydrodynamics of the lower urinary tract. Adam Hilger Ltd, Bristol
Bougas DA, Mitsogiannis IC, Mitropoulos DN, Kollaitis GC, Serafetinides EN, Giannopoulos AM (2004) Clinical efficacy of distigmine bromide in the treatment of patients with underactive detrusor. Int Urol Nephrol 36(4):507–512
Resnick NM, Yalla SV (1987) Detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile function. An unrecognized but common cause of incontinence in elderly patients. JAMA 257(22):3076–3081
Sugaya K, Nishijima S, Kadekawa K, Ashitomi K, Yamamoto H (2012) Effect of distigmine combined with propiverine on bladder activity in rats with spinal cord injury. Int J Urol 19(5):480–483. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02953.x
Tinetti ME, Fried TR, Boyd CM (2012) Designing health care for the most common chronic condition–multimorbidity. JAMA 307(23):2493–2494. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5265
Wagg A, Gibson W, Johnson T 3rd, Markland A, Palmer MH, Kuchel G, Szonyi G, Kirschner-Hermanns R (2014) Urinary incontinence in frail elderly persons: report from the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. doi:10.1002/nau.22602
Abarbanel J, Marcus EL (2007) Impaired detrusor contractility in community-dwelling elderly presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology 69(3):436–440. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.11.019
DuBeau CE (2007) Beyond the bladder: management of urinary incontinence in older women. Clin Obstet Gynecol 50(3):720–734. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3180d0a4e7
Dubeau CE, Kraus SR, Griebling TL, Newman DK, Wyman JF, Johnson TM 2nd, Ouslander JG, Sun F, Gong J, Bavendam T (2014) Effect of fesoterodine in vulnerable elderly subjects with urgency incontinence: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 191(2):395–404. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.027
Choi RC, Siow NL, Cheng AW, Ling KK, Tung EK, Simon J, Barnard EA, Tsim KW (2003) ATP acts via P2Y1 receptors to stimulate acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor expression: transduction and transcription control. J Neurosci 23(11):4445–4456
Yoshida M, Miyamae K, Iwashita H, Otani M, Inadome A (2004) Management of detrusor dysfunction in the elderly: changes in acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate release during aging. Urology 63(3 Suppl 1):17–23
Kobayter S, Young JS, Brain KL (2012) Prostaglandin E2 induces spontaneous rhythmic activity in mouse urinary bladder independently of efferent nerves. Br J Pharmacol 165(2):401–413. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01543.x
Rahnama’i MS, van Kerrebroeck PE, de Wachter SG, van Koeveringe GA (2012) The role of prostanoids in urinary bladder physiology. Nat Rev Urol 9(5):283–290. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.33
Desmond AD, Bultitude MI, Hills NH, Shuttleworth KE (1980) Clinical experience with intravesical prostaglandin E2. A prospective study of 36 patients. Br J Urol 52(5):357–366
Kim JC, Park EY, Hong SH, Seo SI, Park YH, Hwang TK (2005) Changes of urinary nerve growth factor and prostaglandins in male patients with overactive bladder symptom. Int J Urol 12(10):875–880. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01140.x
Rahnama’i MS, van Koeveringe GA, van Kerrebroeck PE, de Wachter SG (2013) The effect of indomethacin on the muscarinic induced contractions in the isolated normal guinea pig urinary bladder. BMC Urol 13:8. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-13-8
Hindley RG, Brierly RD, Thomas PJ (2004) Prostaglandin E2 and bethanechol in combination for treating detrusor underactivity. BJU Int 93(1):89–92
Jiang HH, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Li K, Balog B, Lin CY, Damaser MS, Lin V, Cheng JY, Lee YS (2013) Bladder dysfunction changes from underactive to overactive after experimental traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 240:57–63. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.012
Moody BJ, Liberman C, Zvara P, Smith PP, Freeman K, Zvarova K (2013) Acute lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Neurourol Urodyn. doi:10.1002/nau.22470
Pfisterer MH, Griffiths DJ, Schaefer W, Resnick NM (2006) The effect of age on lower urinary tract function: a study in women. J Am Geriatr Soc 54(3):405–412
Sasaki K, Chancellor MB, Goins WF, Phelan MW, Glorioso JC, de Groat WC, Yoshimura N (2004) Gene therapy using replication-defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing nerve growth factor in a rat model of diabetic cystopathy. Diabetes 53(10):2723–2730
de Groat WC, Araki I, Vizzard MA, Yoshiyama M, Yoshimura N, Sugaya K, Tai C, Roppolo JR (1998) Developmental and injury induced plasticity in the micturition reflex pathway. Behav Brain Res 92(2):127–140
Rosow CE, Gomery P, Chen TY, Stefanovich P, Stambler N, Israel R (2007) Reversal of opioid-induced bladder dysfunction by intravenous naloxone and methylnaltrexone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82(1):48–53. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100164
Uchiyama T, Sakakibara R, Yoshiyama M, Yamamoto T, Ito T, Liu Z, Yamaguchi C, Awa Y, Yano HM, Yanagisawa M, Yamanishi T, Hattori T, Kuwabara S (2009) Biphasic effect of apomorphine, an anti-parkinsonian drug, on bladder function in rats. Neuroscience 162(4):1333–1338. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.001
Chang HH, Havton LA (2013) Serotonergic 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT) ameliorates impaired micturition reflexes in a chronic ventral root avulsion model of incomplete cauda equina/conus medullaris injury. Exp Neurol 239:210–217. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.10.015
Takahisa N, Yoshida S, Hakozaki A, Orimoto N, Sasaki E, Hayashi Y (2013) Therapeutic effect of Tac-302, a novel neurite outgrowth enhancer, on voiding dysfunction in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. J Urol 189(4):e49
Yoshizawaa T, Hayashi Y, Yoshida A, Ito Y, Yamada S, Takahashia S (2012) Therapeutic effects of the cyclohexenone derivative tac-302 on the bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin (Stz)-induced diabetic rats. J Urol 187(4):e43
Kavia R, DasGupta R, Hugo C, Hugo, Clare F, Clare, Derek G, Derek (2009) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effect of sacral neuromodulation on brain responses in women with Fowler’s syndrome. BJU Int 9999 (9999)
Aboseif S, Tamaddon K, Chalfin S, Freedman S, Mourad MS, Chang JH, Kaptein JS (2002) Sacral neuromodulation in functional urinary retention: an effective way to restore voiding. BJU Int 90(7):662–665. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02989.x
De Ridder D, Ost D, Bruyninckx F (2007) The presence of fowler’s syndrome predicts successful long-term outcome of sacral nerve stimulation in women with urinary retention. Eur Urol 51(1):229–233. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.06.031 discussion 233–224
Birkeland JA, Sejersted OM, Taraldsen T, Sjaastad I (2005) EC-coupling in normal and failing hearts. Scand Cardiovascular J 39(1–2):13–23
Ishida Y, Paul RJ (2005) Ca2+ clearance in smooth muscle: lessons from gene-altered mice. J Smooth Muscle Res=Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi 41(5):235–245
Levin RM, Haugaard N, O’Connor L, Buttyan R, Das A, Dixon JS, Gosling JA (2000) Obstructive response of human bladder to BPH vs. rabbit bladder response to partial outlet obstruction: a direct comparison. Neurourol Urodyn 19(5):609–629
Haugaard N, Wein AJ, Chandy B, Soyupak B, Zderic SA, Levin RM (1996) Properties of Ca2(+)-Mg2+ ATP-ase in rabbit bladder muscle and mucosa: effect of urinary outlet obstruction. Neurourol Urodyn 15(5):555–561. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6777(1996)15:5<555:AID-NAU11>3.0.CO;2-G
Stein R, Gong C, Hutcheson JC, Canning DA, Zderic SA (2000) The decompensated detrusor III: impact of bladder outlet obstruction on sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum protein and gene expression. J Urol 164((3 Pt 2)):1026–1030
Agartan CA, Leggett RE, Kogan BA, Levin RM (2007) Effect of age on the response to in vitro ischemia and reperfusion of the rabbit bladder. Urol Int 75:155–159
Mora TC, Suarez-Kurtz G (2005) Effects of NS1608, a BK(Ca) channel agonist, on the contractility of guinea-pig urinary bladder in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 144(5):636–641. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706034
Kim DK, Yoshimura N, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB (2009) Role of sacro/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase in lower urinary tract smooth muscles. LUTS 1:550–552
Brading AF (2006) Spontaneous activity of lower urinary tract smooth muscles: correlation between ion channels and tissue function. 570. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.097311
Gillespie J, van Koeveringe G, de Wachter S, de Vente J (2009) On the origins of the sensory output from the bladder: the concept of afferent noise. BJU Int 103(10):1324–1333
Oh SJ, Ahn SC (2003) Inhibitory effects of potassium channel blockers on carbachol-induced contraction in rat detrusor muscle. J Korean Med Sci 18(5):701–706
Wu ZZ, Li DP, Chen SR, Pan HL (2009) Aminopyridines potentiate synaptic and neuromuscular transmission by targeting the voltage-activated calcium channel beta subunit. J Biol Chem 284(52):36453–36461. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.075523
Hill AV (1938) The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 126(843):136–195
Griffiths DJ (1991) Assessment of detrusor contraction strength or contractility. Neurourol Urodyn 10(1):1–18
Saito M, Ohmura M, Kondo A (1999) Effect of ageing on blood flow to the bladder and bladder function. Urol Int 62(2):93–98
Metcalfe PD, Wang J, Jiao H, Huang Y, Hori K, Moore RB, Tredget EE (2010) Bladder outlet obstruction: progression from inflammation to fibrosis. BJU Int 106(11):1686–1694
Ghafar MA, Shabsigh A, Chichester P, Anastasiadis AG, Borow A, Levin RM, Buttyan R (2002) Effects of chronic partial outlet obstruction on blood flow and oxygenation of the rat bladder. J Urol 167(3):1508–1512
Mitterberger M, Pallwein L, Gradl J, Frauscher F, Neuwirt H, Leunhartsberger N, Strasser H, Bartsch G, Pinggera GM (2007) Persistent detrusor overactivity after transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with reduced perfusion of the urinary bladder. BJU Int 99(4):831–835. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06735.x
Stothers L, Shadgan B, Macnab A (2008) Urological applications of near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Urol 15(6):4399–4409
Lin AT, Hsu TH, Yang C, Chang LS (2000) Effects of aging on mitochondrial enzyme activity of rat urinary bladder. Urol Int 65(3):144–147
Dai DF, Rabinovitch PS, Ungvari Z (2012) Mitochondria and cardiovascular aging. Circ Res 110(8):1109–1124. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246140
Azadzoi KM, Tarcan T, Kozlowski R, Krane RJ, Siroky MB (1999) Overactivity and structural changes in the chronically ischemic bladder. J Urol 162(5):1768–1778
Elbadawi A, Yalla SV, Resnick NM (1993) Structural basis of geriatric voiding dysfunction. II. Aging detrusor: normal versus impaired contractility. J Urol 150((5 Pt 2)):1657–1667
Huard J, Yokoyama T, Pruchnic R, Qu Z, Li Y, Lee JY, Somogyi GT, de Groat WC, Chancellor MB (2002) Muscle-derived cell-mediated ex vivo gene therapy for urological dysfunction. Gene Ther 9(23):1617–1626. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301816
Yamanishi T, Yasuda K, Kamai T, Tsujii T, Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yoshida K (2004) Combination of a cholinergic drug and an alpha-blocker is more effective than monotherapy for the treatment of voiding difficulty in patients with underactive detrusor. Int J Urol 11(2):88–96
Chang SJ, Chiang IN, Yu HJ (2008) The effectiveness of tamsulosin in treating women with voiding difficulty. Int J Urol 15(11):981–985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02134.x
Mamas MA, Reynard JM, Brading AF (2001) Augmentation of nitric oxide to treat detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury. Lancet 357(9272):1964–1967
Reitz A, Knapp PA, Muntener M, Schurch B (2004) Oral nitric oxide donors: a new pharmacological approach to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injured patients? Eur Urol 45(4):516–520. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2003.11.006S030228380300575X
Kuo HC (2003) Effect of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of voiding dysfunction due to detrusor underactivity. Urology 61(3):550–554
Jung SY, Fraser MO, Ozawa H, Yokoyama O, Yoshiyama M, De Groat WC, Chancellor MB (1999) Urethral afferent nerve activity affects the micturition reflex; implication for the relationship between stress incontinence and detrusor instability. J Urol 162(1):204–212
Shafik A, Shafik AA, El-Sibai O, Ahmed I (2003) Role of positive urethrovesical feedback in vesical evacuation. The concept of a second micturition reflex: the urethrovesical reflex. World J Urol 21(3):167–170
Smith PP, Deangelis AM, Kuchel GA (2012) Evidence of central modulation of bladder compliance during filling phase. Neurourol Urodyn 31(1):30–35. doi:10.1002/nau.21223
Eastham JE, Gillespie JI (2013) The concept of peripheral modulation of bladder sensation. Organogenesis 9(3):224–233. doi:10.4161/org.25895
Ustinova EE, Fraser MO, Pezzone MA (2010) Cross-talk and sensitization of bladder afferent nerves. Neurourol Urodyn 29(1):77–81. doi:10.1002/nau.20817
Kuchel GA (2009) Aging and homeostatic regulation. In: Halter J, Hazzard W, Ouslander JG et al (eds) Hazzard’s principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology, 6th edition, 6th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Kuchel GA, Moscufo N, Guttmann CR, Zeevi N, Wakefield D, Schmidt J, Dubeau CE, Wolfson L (2009) Localization of brain white matter hyperintensities and urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 64(8):902–909. doi:10.1093/gerona/glp037
Tadic SD, Griffiths D, Murrin A, Schaefer W, Aizenstein HJ, Resnick NM (2010) Brain activity during bladder filling is related to white matter structural changes in older women with urinary incontinence. NeuroImage 51(4):1294–1302. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.016
Richter HE, Nygaard I, Burgio KL, Handa VL, Fitzgerald MP, Wren P, Zyczynski H, Fine P, Brown MB, Weber AM (2007) Lower urinary tract symptoms, quality of life and pelvic organ prolapse: irritative bladder and obstructive voiding symptoms in women planning to undergo abdominal sacrocolpopexy for advanced pelvic organ prolapse. J Urol 178((3 Pt 1)):965–969. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.045 discussion 969
Fritel X, Lachal L, Cassou B, Fauconnier A, Dargent-Molina P (2013) Mobility impairment is associated with urge but not stress urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older women: results from the Ossébo study. BJOG. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12316
Shafik A, Shafik I, El-Sibai O (2007) Effect of rectal distension on vesical motor activity in humans: the identification of the recto-vesicourethral reflex. J Spinal Cord Med 30(1):36–39
Kuchel GA, Moscufo N, Guttmann CR, Zeevi N, Wakefield D, Schmidt J, DuBeau CE, Wolfson L (2009) Localization of brain white matter hyperintensities and urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. doi:10.1093/gerona/glp037
Acknowledgments
Funding for this conference was made possible (in part) by 1R13AG047010 from the National Institute on Aging. The views expressed in written conference materials or publications and by speakers and moderators do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the NIH; nor does mention by trade names, commercial practices, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.
Conflict of interest
Michael B Chancellor has conflicts of interest related to Allergan, Astellas, Cook, Lipella, Medtronic, Pfizer, and Targacept. There are no conflicts of interest for Phillip P. Smith, George A. Kuchel, Pradeep Tyagi, Subrata Pore, Christopher Chermansky, Naoki Yoshimura, and Peter Levanovich.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, P.P., Tyagi, P., Kuchel, G.A. et al. Advanced therapeutic directions to treat the underactive bladder. Int Urol Nephrol 46 (Suppl 1), 35–44 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-014-0809-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-014-0809-8