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An investigation of the composition of the urban riparian soil propagule bank along the River Brent, Greater London, UK, in comparison with previous propagule bank studies in rural areas

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Abstract

Most propagule bank research has been conducted in rural areas and has emphasised agricultural soils, although research on rural riparian propagule banks has expanded rapidly over the last decade. This paper presents observations of the species abundance of plant propagules in urban riparian soils along the River Brent, Greater London, UK. The data are analysed to explore changes in species abundance of the propagule bank with depth (0–5 cm compared with 5–10 cm soil layer), with distance from the river (0–1 m, 1–2 m, 2–3 m), and at different locations on the river network. No significant differences were found in propagule abundance with soil depth or distance from the river’s edge, but significantly more species were found in the propagule bank close to the river’s edge. The species composition of the Brent’s propagule bank is then compared with riparian propagule banks from the rural rivers Dove, Frome and Tern, UK. Species richness of the Brent propagule bank samples was generally lower than was found in the three rural rivers and, in total, 21%, 4%, 5% and 4% of observed species were aliens in the Brent, Dove, Frome and Tern soil samples, respectively. When the species present in the Brent’s propagule bank were compared with published data on urban garden soils in another UK city, the latter were found to support a higher number of alien species, suggesting that other propagule sources to urban river systems support lower numbers of alien species in riparian zones than domestic gardens.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under Grant No. NE/F008473/1. We would also like to thank Rob Francis and Helen Moggridge for reviewing the original manuscript, and Simon Hoggart for invaluable assistance with lab work. Thanks also to the Environment Agency and to the London Boroughs of Barnet, Brent and Ealing for permitting access to study sites.

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  1. Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK

    Christopher P. Cockel & Angela M. Gurnell

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  1. Christopher P. Cockel
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Correspondence to Christopher P. Cockel.

Appendix

Appendix

Species derived from seedling emergence trials of 168 samples across 11 study sites on the River Brent, Greater London, UK, designated as native/alien, and the number of samples in which each species was present.

Name

Native/Alien

Number of Samples

Achillea millefolium

Native

1

Agropyron repens

Native

1

Agrostis capillaris

Native

1

Agrostis stolonifera

Native

4

Alliaria petiolata

Native

3

Alnus glutinosa

Native

3

Angelica sylvestris

Native

1

Anthriscus sylvestris

Native

3

Arctium minus

Native

1

Artemisia vulgaris

Native

25

Atriplex hastata

Native

2

Atriplex patula

Native

3

Ballota nigra

Native

5

Barbarea vulgaris

Native

6

Betula pendula

Native

37

Bilderdykia convolvulus

Native

10

Brassica nigra

Native

1

Callitriche stagnalis

Native

1

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Native

4

Cardamine flexuosa

Native

38

Carex pendula

Native

38

Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa

Native

1

Carpinus betulus

Native

1

Chenopodium album

Native

7

Chenopodium polyspermum

Native

13

Cirsium arvense

Native

5

Crepis vesicaria

Native

1

Epilobium hirsutum

Native

57

Epilobium lanceolatum

Native

3

Epilobium montanum

Native

37

Epilobium obscurum

Native

18

Epilobium parviflorum

Native

8

Epilobium tetragonum

Native

10

Euphorbia helioscopia

Native

5

Fragaria vesca

Native

1

Galium aparine

Native

6

Geranium molle

Native

1

Geranium robertianum

Native

1

Geranium rotundifolium

Native

1

Holcus lanatus

Native

2

Hypericum androsaemum

Native

2

Hypochoeris radicata

Native

2

Juncus bufonius

Native

4

Juncus effusus

Native

24

Lactuca serriola

Native

1

Lamium album

Native

13

Lapsana communis

Native

2

Leontedon autumnalis

Native

2

Lolium perenne

Native

17

Lycopus europaeus

Native

2

Lythrum salicaria

Native

5

Malva sylvestris

Native

2

Matricaria discoidea

Native

1

Mentha aquatica

Native

2

Persicaria lapathifolium

Native

15

Phalaris arundinacea

Native

4

Picris echioides

Native

3

Plantago coronopus

Native

6

Plantago major ssp. major

Native

57

Plantago media

Native

60

Poa annua

Native

88

Poa pratensis

Native

1

Poa trivialis

Native

3

Polygonum aviculare

Native

13

Polygonum persicaria

Native

22

Potentilla sterilis

Native

9

Ranunculus acris

Native

1

Ranunculus repens

Native

16

Ranunculus sceleratus

Native

4

Raphanus raphanistrum

Native

16

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum

Native

12

Rubus fruticosus

Native

2

Rumex crispus

Native

1

Rumex obtusifolius

Native

90

Sagina procumbens

Native

106

Sambucus nigra

Native

1

Scrophularia auriculata

Native

12

Scrophularia nodosa

Native

1

Senecio aquatics

Native

3

Senecio vulgaris

Native

4

Solanum dulcamara

Native

4

Solidago virgaurea

Native

1

Sonchus asper

Native

61

Sonchus oleraceus

Native

1

Spergularia media

Native

4

Stellaria media

Native

6

Taraxacum officinale

Native

5

Tripleurospermum inodorum

Native

3

Typha latifolia

Native

2

Urtica dioica

Native

162

Verbascum thapsus

Native

1

Veronica anagalis-aquatica

Native

1

Veronica beccabunga

Native

6

Veronica chamaedrys

Native

3

Veronica persica

Native

1

Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia

Native

2

Vicia sativa

Native

2

Antirrhinum majus

Alien

3

Armoracia rusticana

Alien

1

Aster novi-belgii

Alien

4

Barbarea intermedia

Alien

3

Brassica napus

Alien

1

Buddleja davidii

Alien

98

Capsicum annuum

Alien

1

Conyza canadensis

Alien

41

Conyza sumatrensis

Alien

7

Cordyline australis

Alien

1

Cyperus alternifolius

Alien

1

Erigeron karvinskianus

Alien

1

Fallopia conollyana

Alien

2

Ficus carica

Alien

9

Fragaria x ananassa

Alien

1

Galinsoga ciliata

Alien

4

Impatiens glandulifera

Alien

3

Impatiens walleriana

Alien

1

Linaria purpurea

Alien

2

Lobelia erinus

Alien

1

Lycopersicon lycopersicum

Alien

14

Mimulus guttatus

Alien

1

Oxalis corniculata

Alien

9

Paulownia tomentosa

Alien

1

Petunia x hybrida

Alien

2

Physalis peruviana

Alien

6

Platanus x hybrida

Alien

4

Pyrus salicifolia

Alien

1

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Cockel, C.P., Gurnell, A.M. An investigation of the composition of the urban riparian soil propagule bank along the River Brent, Greater London, UK, in comparison with previous propagule bank studies in rural areas. Urban Ecosyst 15, 367–387 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0203-6

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